Essay about Benefits of Fast Food Restaurants - 867 Words

Jayleen April 7, 2012 English 22 J. Wharton Benefits of Fast Food Restaurants In the United States, the popularity of fast food restaurants is growing every day. Now days, people can buy a whole meal in fast food restaurants for between 6 to 7 dollars. People consider that fast food restaurants make their life easy and uncomplicated. For instance, if two parents was both working late and their kids was home with dinner not cooked, they could stop at any fast food restaurants to order food for dinner before heading home. The popularity of fast food restaurants is growing because of three main causes: the low cost, the fast service, and how fast food restaurants are available anywhere. One of the most important causes of fast†¦show more content†¦For example, most people that I know have to wake up very early in the morning to cook breakfast, make lunch, get ready for school or even get ready for work, and get to school or work on time. People divide their time between their jobs and their responsibilities. For instanc e, before my mom heads to work she takes me to get breakfast and drops me off at school. In the morning my mother takes me to McDonalds in Waianae. Usually in the morning it is always busy but the service is so fast. For example, when I go in side of McDonalds to order I only wait in line for about 2 to 3 minutes and wait for my meal between 4 to 5 minutes. Another example is when my sister is running late from work and she still has to get dinner done. She stops at Jack in the Box to get meals for her family. My sister said when she goes into the restaurant to order the cashier is ready and waiting for her to begin her order. Then in just seconds her whole meal is done and ready to go. Therefore, the fast service is popularity because in this high paced society every minute counts and every second that is wasted in waiting and eating a food is a transaction lost or money shot up in the air. Finally the last cause is how fast food restaurants is available everywhere thousands of pe ople go to. Now days, many kind of fast food restaurants are available in the malls and strategic places. The international branded restaurants such as KFC and McDonald grow quickly from oneShow MoreRelated The Sociat Costs and Benefits of a Fast Food Industry Essay687 Words   |  3 PagesThe Sociat Costs and Benefits of a Fast Food Industry There are many social benefits to a fast food industry. Firstly, it’s the accessibility and convenience of having the fast food restaurants – they’re located practically everywhere. The service is also fast, hence â€Å"fast food† and therefore maximizing the convenience of them to consumers. Most of the time, the products of the fast food industry are cheap, tasty and therefore have good value for the product. 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Truett Cathy made anRead MoreFastfood1128 Words   |  5 PagesSimple Facts About Fast Food Nov 20, 2010 By Suzanne Robin Fast food restaurants, also known as quick service restaurants, sell food that can be quickly cooked, assembled and eaten. Fast food has moved out of restaurants and is also readily available at convenience stores. Even grocery stores often serve their own versions of fast food in prepackaged sandwiches and salads. Fast Food Nation reports that 25 percent of Americans eat at least one meal a day at a fast food restaurant,. What are theRead MoreThe Doubts of Eating Out1169 Words   |  5 PagesSadie and her family always eat out. They never have time to sit together as a family and eat a home cooked meal. Since Sadie always grabbed fast food on the run, she was gaining weight fast. Additionally, buying food from restaurants almost every day was making Sadie’s wallet go empty. Also, since her family never made the time to eat together as a family, Sadie was weakening her relationship with her siblings and parents. They started talking less to each other about their lives and just kept toRead MoreObesity Is A Serious Public Concern862 Words   |  4 PagesObesity has increased rapidly in the U.S. since the 1970s. At the same time, the number of fast food restaurants more than doubled over the same time period. Exposes such as â€Å"Fast Food Nation† (Schlosser, 2001) and â€Å"Supersize Me† (Spurlock, 2004) highlight the popular perception that these two trends may be related—the availability of fast food may have caused at least some of the increase in obesity. Obesity has been linked to hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, kidney problems and

Religion And Its Effect On Society - 1649 Words

â€Å"Religion is a practice for people to believe in a higher deity—a superior to the mortal world in which we, humans, live in.† At the beginning of this semester, this was the definition I composed when I was asked to define religion. While this initial answer has some relevance to what religion is overall, it is still over-simplistic because it does not address all the various components that religion incorporates. During the course of this semester, I have learned how to more accurately define religion, distinguish why a person should study religion, and understand how religion can be both beneficial and harmful to society. Religion is a particular system involving faith and worship, sometimes of a divine being, based on traditional practices and moral teachings. It is important to study religion since a vast majority of the word population identifies with a religion which allows people to gain an appreciation and respect for other views different than their own. R eligion can be both beneficial and harmful to society because of its controversial nature as seen throughout history and modern-day life. Religions are beneficial to society because each religious tradition has a set of core morals and values that promotes strong ethics throughout the community. However, religions can be harmful to society if individual members use religious texts wrongfully to promote violence or unethical principles. The three main topics that will be addressed are crucial to consider in order toShow MoreRelatedReligion And Its Effect On Society1627 Words   |  7 PagesReligion is a structured group of culture, beliefs, views that are related to humanity. These beliefs include the universe, human nature, laws of religion, lifestyles, and people derive morality. Religion studies and analyzes its concept, terms, arguments and practices. Religion affects our society in numerous ways, both can be in a good and bad way. 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Economic and Financial Impact of Natural Disasters

Question: Describe about Understanding the Economic and Financial Impact of Natural Disasters? Answer: Introduction Management decision model plays an effective role for every individual other than the respective business organizations. Such kind of model involves several methods and techniques to analyze any decision related to any given problem of the society (Benson Clay, 2004). It can be inferred that the given case deals with the effect of hurricane Katrina on the city of New Orleans. There are various techniques and policies that are required to be evaluated to understand and analyze the effect of such disaster on the particular city. This can be analyzed with the help of an effective system of cost benefit analysis. It can be also analyzed with the help of Federal Emergency Management Agency. Analysis of economics of New Orleans It can be inferred that there are several decisions that can be associated with the city of New Orleans. There are several levees that can protect the cities in an effective manner. It can be further opined that there are several direct or indirect costs that are associated with the rebuilding of the city in an effective manner. Though, there is a probability of 63 percent occurrence of the given hurricane. There is a greater risk that can occur in the given city effectively. It can be further inferred that a separate an effective cost benefit analysis is required to be evaluated by the management of Federal Emergency Management Agency to minimize the effect of the given occurrence (Jaldell, 2013). The given availability of heuristics will increase the total risk of the society in an effective manner. In addition to this, it can be also deduced that it has a direct correlation with the population drop among the city. In addition to this, the status of the economy will go down at a decreasing rate if the total number of population of people drops to the adverse effect of the given risk. The Gross Domestic Product, Gross and Net National Income of the economy will also decline due to effect of the given costs. In addition to this, it can be also deduced that an effective cost benefit analysis is required to be developed to judge the benefits as well as consequences of the given hurricane (Hahn, 2005). Tangible Benefits Category In $US Risk Reduction costs $ 150,000,000.00 Reduction of errors $ 7,500,000.00 Increased flexibility $ 10,000,000.00 Increased speed of activity $ 40,000,000.00 Improvement in management planning and control $ 25,000,000.00 Costs (Other) $ 1,000,000.00 Total Tangible Benefits $ 233,500,000.00 Tangible One-Time Costs Category In $US Development costs $ 140,000,000.00 Recurring costs $ 80,000,000.00 New implementation of technology $ 2,500.00 User training $ 2,500.00 Site preparation $ 3,500.00 Other $ 2,000.00 Total One-Time Costs (Tangible) $ 220,010,500.00 Tangible Recurring Costs Category In $US Application maintenance of the disaster $ 20,000,000.00 Incremental inhabitation of the residents $ 15,000,000.00 Incremental communications $ 25,000,000.00 New leases of land $ 1,000,000.00 Supplies $ 1,500,000.00 Other $ 10,000,000.00 Total Tangible Recurring Costs $ 72,500,000.00 Table 1: Cost Benefit analysis for re-building of the city Break Even Analysis Existing System (Costs) Year 1-10 Year 10-20 Year 20-30 Year 30-40 Year 40-50 Cost of developement $ 140,000,000 $ - $ - $ - $ - Additional leeves $ 350,000,000 $ 35,000,000 $ 35,000,000 $ 30,000 $ 30,000 Operation costs of the hurricane katrina $ 80,000,000 User time during development $ 10,000,000 $ - $ - $ - $ - Maintenance costs $ 150,000,000 $ 1,000 $ 1,000 $ 1,000 $ 1,000 Total Cost of Existing System $ 730,000,000 $ 35,001,000 $ 35,001,000 $ 31,000 $ 31,000 Costs of Proposed System Year 1-10 Year 11-20 Year 21-30 Year 31-40 Year 41-50 Development costs $ 140,000,000 $ - $ - $ - $ - Additional leeves $ 25,000,000 $ 1,500,000 $ 1,500,000 $ 1,500 $ 1,500 Operation costs of the hurricane katrina $ 80,000,000 User time during development $ 1,000,000 $ 600 $ 600 $ 600 Maintenance costs $ 1,000,000 $ 1,500 $ 1,500 $ 1,000 $ 2,000 Total Cost of Proposed System $ 247,000,000 $ 1,501,500 $ 1,502,100 $ 3,100 $ 4,100 Table 2: Break-even analysis of the proposed system Figure 1: Break-even analysis of the proposed system From the above analysis, it can be inferred that the costs of the proposed system is lower than the existing system of the city New Orleans. It can be inferred that the benefits are much higher than the total number of tangible costs. Apart from this, it can be also inferred that the intangible and tangible costs of the proposed project is on the lower side in terms of costs and benefits. For this reason, it can be deduced that reduction of costs and reduction of errors can be the major sources in terms of minimizing the effect of the floods of the hurricane. It can be also defined that the development costs of the levees and its management will incur fewer costs in the proposed system rather the existing system of management. It deduces that these are the parameters that can be considered in terms of the development of cost benefit analysis (Jaldell, 2013). Evaluation of the value of the Cost Benefit Analysis for each of the given options It can be there are several given options in terms of cost benefit analysis. There are two options for the given system of protection. One of the systems is the existing system and one of the systems is the proposed one. Both of them have a chance of occurrence of 63 percent in terms of occurrence of event. This is in terms of cost benefit analysis of the following decision tree. Figure 2: Decision Tree Analysis of the Project (Source Created By Author) From the decision tree analysis and cost benefit analysis, it can be deduced that the probability of occurrence of the hurricane disaster in on the higher side. This further reflects that it is important for the given city to protect itself from the respective damages that can be interpreted due to the given damages of the hurricane. Due to this reason, the proposed system of benefits have been analyzed and evaluated that will further help to boost up the economic system of the New Orleans. It can be also inferred that the protection of the city will also increase the total fixed costs and variable costs of New Orleans. The total direct costs are required to be minimized and amplified on the basis of short term basis. It can be inferred that if the disruptions of the daily lifestyles are minimized to a great extent, the economy of the country will boom up to a greater extent. In addition to this, it can be also deduced that inflation can occur in the economy of New Orleans due to the shock of the flood, financial constraints and management of reconstruction of business. The low income level of families will be greatly affected by the given changes and will try to boost up the economy by a greater extent. The amount of disaster relieve flood system is required to be increased due to the large effect of the funds in the current prospective system. The total amount and effect of resettlement issue are required to be evaluated in an effective manner due to the positive effect of the post benefit analysis. In addition to this, the existence of several countervailing risks cannot be ignored in any form of given case. This is the reason why several recommendations can be given to minimize and nullify the risks to a greater extent (Hahn, 2005). Decision pitfalls and recommendations to avoid the given challenges There are several pitfalls that can be taken into consideration for the re-building of the city in terms of the given proposal of cost benefit analysis. In addition to this, these decision pitfalls include in terms of risk and structure of reconstruction of the levees of the New Orleans. It can be inferred that the total amount of fixed costs and variable costs of the disaster may arise if the chances of probability increases. In addition to this, it can be inferred that if any form of disaster occurs within the first ten years of the proposed system, then the overall planning of the proposed system will hamper and the following costs and after effect of the disaster will be bound to increase. For this reason, it is extremely important for Federal Emergency Management Agency to take several pre-active measures to overcome the given problems in a strategic manner (Pielke et al. 2005) These recommendations can be in the form of minimization of the initial fixed and variable costs within the first ten year itself. It is important to make the investment in terms of onetime payment to protect against any sort of further damages. It is true that the probability of occurrence the disaster is only once in 100 years, still, it may increase due to the variation of climatic changes. For this reason, it is important to analyze the break-even analysis of the given proposal to minimize the respective pitfalls of investment. In addition to this, a proper risk management system is required to be introduced to minimize the risks of flood protection and several moral and physical hazards. Apart from this, there are several vulnerable areas of concern due to the risk management issues of the system. However, on the contrary, the overall cost benefit analysis model has not accounted for the different risks related to the issues of risk management. The investment of the total analys is may be raised from the given population of the country. This may have negative consequences among the middle and lower income group people of the society. In addition to this, the residents of the protected areas will also be the sufferers of the proposed system (Jaldell, 2013). The total amount of cost benefit analysis is fixed for each of the constituencies of the residents of New Orleans, residents of the surroundings, mayor and the federal government. Each and every constituency will be benefited from the given utility pie. Executive summary This part of the report will highlight the dual aspects of the re-building activities of New Orleans. This portion will also highlight the usage of social heuristics in terms of solving problems both in ethical and unethical manner. The role of the constituencies has also been discussed with the given report. For or against rebuilding of the city of New Orleans In case of favour of re-building the city of New Orleans, it can be deduced that the benefits of investment can be discussed from the analysis of the given table and graph of payback period return. In addition to this, it is deduced that if the payback period is higher, then, the re-building of the city can be extremely benefitted. Benefits of option Year 1-10 Year 10-20 Year 20-30 Year 30-40 Year 40-50 Staff savings $ 45,000 $ 60,000 $ 60,000 $ 60,000 $ 30,000 Improved buying practice $ 7,500 $ 7,500 $ 7,500 $ 7,500 $ 7,000 Improved service $ 3,000 $ 2,000 $ 2,000 $ 2,000 $ - Total Benefits $ 55,500 $ 69,500 $ 69,500 $ 69,500 $ 37,000 Costs of option Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Development costs $ 140,000,000 $ - $ - $ - $ - Additional levees $ 25,000,000 $ 1,500,000 $ 1,500,000 $ 1,500 $ 1,500 Operation costs of the hurricane Katrina $ 80,000,000 $ - $ - $ - $ - User time during development $ 1,000,000 $ - $ 600 $ 600 $ 600 Maintenance costs $ 1,000,000 $ 1,500 $ 1,500 $ 1,000 $ 2,000 Total Costs $ 247,000,000 $ 1,501,500 $ 1,502,100 $ 3,100 $ 4,100 Net benefits/costs $ (246,944,500) $ (1,432,000) $ (1,432,600) $ 66,400 $ 32,900 Cumulative benefits/costs $ (246,944,500) $ (248,376,500) $ (249,809,100) $ (249,742,700) $ (249,709,800) Figure 3: Payback period analysis of the proposed system of re-building It can be inferred that the payback system of the proposed system of re-building is on the positive side. Therefore, it can be considered as one of the merits. Apart from this, all the residents of the city will be extremely benefited from the proposed system effectively. In addition to this, the population of the city will not be effected and the structure of economy will not be hampered due to this. In addition to this, it is deduced that residents living in the area surrounding the flood plains will also be benefitted to a greater extent. On the other hand, the mayor and federal government will be also be benefitted as certain portion of losses can be avoided to a greater extent. In addition to this, if the economic structure of the city is not hampered, then, all the given constituencies will enjoy high and steady income status. On the other hand, it can be also deduced that if the risk can be minimized, then the surrounding regions will also not be affected. Therefore, it can be considered as all round benefit in terms of growth and status. In addition to this, there are several precautionary measures that have been to prevent the downward risks. Another form of advantage that may be considered is regarding the development of the city in all aspects. This can be in the form economic development, resource development, tourist development and all kinds of development which can be considered to be effective for a particular city ( Jaldell, 2013) However, it can be inferred that there are several reasons that can be considered as against the rebuilding the city of New Orleans. One of the factors that can be considered is the lower amount of net present value of investment. In addition to this, it is deduced that since the net present value is lower, therefore, the structure of investment is required to be re-considered. This can be further evaluated with the help of the following table:- Cost Benefit Analysis using Present Value (Purchasing Operations Support) Benefits of option Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Staff savings $ 45,000 $ 60,000 $ 60,000 $ 60,000 $ 30,000 Improved buying practice $ 7,500 $ 7,500 $ 7,500 $ 7,500 $ 7,000 Improved service $ 3,000 $ 2,000 $ 2,000 $ 2,000 $ - Total Benefits $ 55,500 $ 69,500 $ 69,500 $ 69,500 $ 37,000 Costs of option Year 1-10 Year 10-20 Year 20-30 Year 30-40 Year 40-50 Development costs $ 140,000,000 $ - $ - $ - $ - Additional levees $ 25,000,000 $ 1,500,000 $ 1,500,000 $ 1,500 $ 1,500 Operation costs $ 80,000,000 $ - $ - $ - $ - User time during development $ 1,000,000 $ - $ 600 $ 600 $ 600 Maintenance costs $ 1,000,000 $ 1,500 $ 1,500 $ 1,000 $ 2,000 Total Costs $ 247,000,000 $ 1,501,500 $ 1,502,100 $ 3,100 $ 4,100 Net benefits/costs $ (246,944,500) $ (1,432,000) $ (1,432,600) $ 66,400 $ 32,900 Cumulative benefits/costs $ (246,944,500) $ (248,376,500) $ (249,809,100) $ (249,742,700) $ (249,709,800) Net benefits/cost (NPV @ 5%) ($235,185,238.10) ($1,298,866.21) ($1,237,533.74) $54,627.44 $25,778.01 Cumulative NPV ($235,185,238.10) ($236,484,104.31) ($237,721,638.05) ($237,667,010.61) ($237,641,232.60) Figure 4: Net Present value analysis of the proposed system of re-building From the above table, it can be deduced that the net present value of the proposed system is coming down to be negative. This can have a negative impact over the lower income group of the society, as the total amount of investment will be derived from them only. This will have a negative impact on the residents that are paying taxes to the government. This is mainly because, the total amount of investments are bound to increase. Therefore, it may also have a negative impact on the local government as well. In addition to this, the probability of occurrence of the disaster is not higher, therefore, it can be inferred that the total amount of investment evaluated through the cost benefit analysis, and then it can be considered as a loss. It is deduced that the probability of occurrence of the hurricane is only once in every 100 years. Therefore, it may be inferred that the newly proposed system of re-building of the city of New Orleans may not be required (Labunets, 2014). However, social heuristics can be used as an advantageous tool both in ethical and unethical manner. This is a tool that can be used for the re-building of the city New Orleans. This can also effect the total decisions and its management in terms of development of the society of New Orleans. Among the various types of social heuristic tools, the tool of equity heuristic can be implemented for the purpose of re-building. This further suggests that the equal amount of resources will be distributed to all the segments of people of society. This can also be done with the help of ethical and unethical manner. If the total number of sources can be distributed in an equal manner, then, the process of re-building can be effectively used by the all different constituencies. All the factors of the risk can be easily mitigated with the help of these tools. The role of the federal government forms the core of success of the given activities. The given roles that can be considered are in terms of equal distribution of resources to all segments of the economy (Von Halle Goldberg, 2010). If the resources are equally distributed, then, segment of income will also be equally distributed. In addition to this, all the activities can be carried with the help of ethical manner as well. This can also be considered as an advantage for the purpose of re-building. Conclusion It can be inferred that management and decision tools and techniques can be implemented for a development of a particular city of New Orleans. All the tools and techniques have been analyzed through the given report. In addition to this, the merits and demerits of the re-building of the city have been considered with the view of the given constituencies. It is proposed that re-building of the city is preferable in all respects. References Benson, C. Clay, E. , (2004). Understanding the economic and financial impact of natural disasters. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The World Bank, Washington D.C. Bhargava, H., Kimbrough, S. (1993). Model management. Decision Support Systems, 10(3), 277-299. doi:10.1016/0167-9236(93)90064-a Birkinshaw, C., Randrianjanahary, M. (2009). The Effects of Cyclone Hudah on the Forest of Masoala Peninsula, Madagascar. MCD, 2(1). doi:10.4314/mcd.v2i1.44125 Blanning, R. (1993). Model management systems. Decision Support Systems, 9(1), 9-18. doi:10.1016/0167-9236(93)90019-y Boardman, A., Forbes, D. (2011). A Benefit-Cost Analysis of Private and Semi-Private Hospital Rooms. Journal Of Benefit-Cost Analysis, 2(1). doi:10.2202/2152-2812.1050 Danguy, J., van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, B. (2011). Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Community Patent. Journal Of Benefit-Cost Analysis, 2(2). doi:10.2202/2152-2812.1030 Ding, L., Mahbubani, J. (2013). The two stage decision model of vertical integration. Management Decision, 51(2), 306-320. doi:10.1108/00251741311301830 Greenberg, D. (2013). A cost-benefit analysis of Tulsas IDA program. Journal Of Benefit-Cost Analysis, 4(3). doi:10.1515/jbca-2013-0012 Hahn, R. (2010). Designing Smarter Regulation with Improved Benefit-Cost Analysis. Journal Of Benefit-Cost Analysis, 1(1). doi:10.2202/2152-2812.1000 Hahn, R.W., 2005. The economics of rebuilding cities: Reflections after Katrina, AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, Policy matters 05-24 Honaker, R., Das, A., Boaten, F. (2007). Slurry Viscosity Modification Effects on Classifying Cyclone Performance. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 46(3), 341-347. doi:10.1179/cmq.2007.46.3.341 Jacoby, D. (2013). A cost-benefit analysis: implementing temporary disability insurance in Washington State. Journal Of Benefit-Cost Analysis, 4(2). doi:10.1515/jbca-2012-0007 Jaldell, H. (2013). Cost-benefit analyses of sprinklers in nursing homes for elderly. Journal Of Benefit-Cost Analysis, 4(2). doi:10.1515/jbca-2012-0004 Labunets, N. (2014). Cost Benefit Analysis of Wind Power in Germany. Saarbrucken: Scholars' Press. Labunets, N. (2014). Cost Benefit Analysis of Wind Power in Germany. Saarbrucken: Scholars' Press. Leonard, D., McAdam, R. (2002). The role of the business excellence model in operational and strategic decision making. Management Decision, 40(1), 17-25. doi:10.1108/00251740210413325 Levin, J., Nolan, J. (2000). Principles of classroom management. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Liang, X., van Dijk, M. (2012). Cost Benefit Analysis of Centralized Wastewater Reuse Systems. Journal Of Benefit-Cost Analysis, 3(3). doi:10.1515/2152-2812.1060 OXERA, 2002. A Social Time Preference Rate for Use in Long-Term Discounting, A report for ODPM, DFT and DEFRA. Pielke, R.A. Jr., C. Landea, M. Mayfield, J. Laver and R. Pasch,( 2005). Hurricane and Global Warming, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, November 2005, pp.15711575 Robinson, L., Hammitt, J. (2011). Behavioral Economics and the Conduct of Benefit-Cost Analysis: Towards Principles and Standards. Journal Of Benefit-Cost Analysis, 2(2). doi:10.2202/2152-2812.1059 Schiavone, F. (2011). Strategic reactions to technology competition. Management Decision, 49(5), 801-809. doi:10.1108/00251741111130869 Schneider, S.H., K. Kuntz-Duriseti, C. Azar, (2000). Costing non-linearities, surprises and irreversible events, Pacific and Asian Journal of Energy, 10(1):81-106. Von Halle, B., Goldberg, L. (2010). The decision model. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Wingo, M., Cecil, D. (2010). Effects of Vertical Wind Shear on Tropical Cyclone Precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138(3), 645-662. doi:10.1175/2009mwr2921.1 Xiang, R., Park, S., Lee, K. (2001). Effects of cone dimension on cyclone performance. Journal Of Aerosol Science, 32(4), 549-561. doi:10.1016/s0021-8502(00)00094-x

William Shakespeares Hamlet Essays - Characters In Hamlet, Fiction

William Shakespeare's Hamlet Julian Goldblatt AP English Extra Credit In William Shakespeare's Hamlet, the protagonist exhibits a puzzling, duplicitous nature. Hamlet contradicts himself throughout the play, enduring both the virtues of acting a role and that of being true to one's self. He further supports both of these conflicting endorements with his actions. This ambiguity is demonstrated by his alleged madness, only to become perfectly calm and rational an instant later. These inconsistencies are related with the internal dilemmas he faces. He struggles with the issue of revenging his father's death, vowing to kill Claudius and then backing out, several times. The reason for this teetering is directly related to his inability to form a solid opinion about role-playing. This difficulty is not present, however, at the start of the play. In the first act, Hamlet appears to be very straightforward in his actions and inner state. When questioned by Gertrude about his melancholy appearance, Hamlet says, Seems, madam? Nay it is. I know not 'seems.' (1.2.76). This is to say, I am what I appear to be. Later in act I, Hamlet makes a clear statement about his state when he commits himself to revenge. In this statement the play makes an easy to follow shift. This shift consists of Hamlet giving up the role of a student and mourning son. Hamlet says, I'll wipe away all trivial fond records, All saws of books, all forms, all pressures past, That youth and observation copied there, And thy commandment all alone shall live Within the book and volume of my brain (1.5.99-103). Hamlet is declaring that he will be committed to nothing else but the revenge of his father's death. In the next act, however, Hamlet's status and intentions suddenly, and with out demonstrated reason, become mired in confusion. When Hamlet appears again in act two, it seems he has lost the conviction that was present earlier. He has yet to take up the role assigned to him by the ghost. It is not until the very end of the act that he even mentions vengeance. If he had any of the conviction shown earlier he would have been contemplating his revenge. So, instead of playing the part of the vengeful son, he stays in the middle, pretending to be mad. This is shown when he says to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, I know not-lost all my mirth, forgone all custom of exercise (2.2.298-299). Later he tells them that he is just feigning madness when he says, I am but mad north-north-west, when the wind is southerly, I know a hawk from a handsaw (2.2.380-381). Admitting so blatantly that he is only feigning madness would imply that he is comfortable with it. It is puzzling that, at this point, Hamlet is comfortable with acting, but not with the role that he said he would play earlier. If he is to play a role, why not the one that his father assigned him? When the characters come in a short while later, his attitude changes. Hamlet is prompted to vengeance, again, by the moving speech that is given by one of the characters. He makes a big buildup of what he should have done and how he will be revenged. After all of his swearing and support of the value of acting and words, he backs out of it again. He can't decide whether or not to play the role. Words are a further condemned when he says, Must, like a whore, unpack my hart with Words (2.2.587). So, he is now condemning role playing. Being caught in the middle, he decides that he needs more proof of the Kings guilt when he says, The play is the thing? Wherein I'll catch the conscience of the King (2.2.606-607). Before the mousetrap is to be played, Hamlet runs into Ophelia and makes the t elling statements. Upon the issue of Ophelia's beauty, Hamlet says, That if you be honest and fair, your honesty should admit no discourse to your beauty (3.1.109-110). He is saying that Ophelia can be honest and fair, but that, honesty being an inward trait, and fairness being an outward trait, but the two cannot be linked. He goes on further to say that Ay, truly, for the

Essay on American Government and Politics Part 3

Essay on American Government and Politics Part 3 Essay on American Government and Politics Part 3 Essay on American Government and Politics Part 3Continue Part 2Needles is the first chapter of the book that gives insight into the early life of Sonia Sotomayor. The author describes her early life and her environment.At home is the second chapter, where the author describes her home and her family members in details.Abuelita is the third chapter, where the author describes her childhood and her friends and uncovers her reliance on her friends and importance of friendly relations for her.Gilmars goodbyes is the fourth chapter that gives insight into interpersonal relations of the author with her friends and uncovers her background.Trips to Puerto Rico is the fifth chapter, where the author continues to uncover her background and emphasizes her Hispanic origin. In this chapter, the author uncovers the brief history of her family and its strong links to Puerto Rico.Papis death is the sixth chapter that reveals a tragic moment in the life of the child, the death of her father. However, Sonia is not really disappointed by this death because her father was alcoholic and died, when she was just nine.El luto is the seventh chapter, where the author depicts her struggle with her first problems and recovery after the death of her father.Celinas story is the eighth chapter, where the author reveals the growing role of her grandmother, who became the main care giver for her.Transformation is the ninth chapter, which conveys the profound change that occurred to the narrator and shows how a girl has started to change under the impact of hardships that occurred to her life.Diabetes, Nancy Drew, Perry Mason is the tenth chapter revealing the main health issue that Sonia confronted at the early age. She was diagnosed with diabetes and had to learn how to live with a new health problem.Middle school is the eleventh chapter, where the author describes her middle school experience and her success in the academic development. She describes her early interest to law that determine d the choice of her future career.Transition to CSHS, first job is the twelfth chapter that shows her early professional experience and her first job, which became a considerable contribution to her further professional development.Quotesâ€Å"One thing has not changed: to doubt the worth of minority students achievement when they succeed is really only to present another face of the prejudice that would deny them a chance to even try. It is the same prejudice that insists all those destined for success must be cast from the same mold as those who have succeeded before them, a view that experience has already proven a fallacy.† (Sotomayor,   2014, 121)This quote reveals the experience of the author as a minority student. At the same time, this quote may be viewed in the broader sense since the quote uncovers the minority-majority relationship. The author stands on the ground that the majority always underestimates the potential and achievement of representatives of minority groups. The relationship between the minority and majority is always very complicated , while the author develops the idea of the determinant role of prejudices and stereotypes which affect their relationship. According to the author, the impact of prejudices and stereotypes on the perception of the minority by the majority is overwhelming. Therefore, prejudices and stereotypes influence policies conducted by the policy makers, who represent the majority mainly. In such a situation, representatives of the minority need the adequate representation as well as they need to change the existing biases and stereotypes to prove that they are equal to representatives of the majority. In this regard, the education and professional development of Sotomayor have revealed how difficult it was for her to overcome prejudices and biases in relation of other people to her because of her Hispanic background.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Quiet pragmatism, of course, lacks the romance of vocal militancy. But I felt mys elf more a mediator than a crusader. My strengths were reasoning, crafting compromises, finding the good and the good faith on both sides of an argument, and using that to build a bridge.† (Sotomayor,   2014, 154).This quote reveals the pragmatism and flexibility of the narrator of the book. At the same time, this quote shows how important are pragmatism and diplomacy in politics and relations between people. The ability to negotiate, to compromise and to build a bridge is very important for the development of effective policies or international relations. In fact, this quote reveals the effective way to building bridges between the minority and majority as well as between different social groups. Negotiations, arguments, understanding of both sides are crucial for the development of effective relations and policies that can respect and match interests of all stakeholders. This model can be applied at the local, national or international level with equal success. The author refers to her personal experience in developing positive and successful relations with other people but this model is broader and may be applied to different fields.

How to Fix Problems with Parallel Sentence Structure

How to Fix Problems with Parallel Sentence Structure The Common Core, as well as portions of many standardized tests, require  students to recognize and improve poorly-constructed sentences. It’s important for students to know what problems appear frequently within these sentences  in order to improve their chances of scoring well. One common sentence problem involves non-parallel structure. What Is Parallel Structure in a Sentence or Phrase? Parallel structure involves using the same pattern of words or the same voice in a list of items or ideas. By using parallel structure, the writer indicates that all of the items in the list are of equal importance. Parallel structure is important in both sentences and phrases. Examples of Problems with Parallel Structure Problems with parallel structure usually occur after a coordinating conjunction such as or or and. Most are a result of mixing gerunds and infinitive phrases or mixing active and passive voice. Mixing Gerunds and Infinitive Phrases Gerunds are verb forms that end with the letters -ing. Running, jumping, and coding are all gerunds. The following two sentences correctly use gerunds in parallel structure: Bethany enjoys baking cakes, cookies, and brownies. She doesn’t like washing dishes, ironing clothes, or mopping the floor. The  sentence below   is incorrect, however, because it mixes gerunds (baking, making) and an infinitive phrase (to eat out): Bethany likes to eat out,  baking cakes, and making candy. This sentence contains an unparallel mixture of a gerund and a noun: She doesn’t like washing clothes or housework. But this sentence contains two gerunds: She doesn’t like washing clothes or doing housework. Mixing Active and Passive Voice Writers can correctly use either the active or the passive voicebut mixing the two, especially in a list, is incorrect. In a sentence that uses the active voice, the subject performs an action; in a sentence that uses the passive voice, the action is performed on the subject. For example: Active voice: Jane ate the donut. (Jane, the subject, acts by eating the donut.) Passive voice: The donut was eaten by Jane. (The donut, the subject, is acted upon by Jane.) Both of the above examples are technically correct. But this sentence is incorrect because the active and passive voices are mixed: The director told the actors that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and to do some vocal exercises before the show. A parallel version of this sentence might read: The director told the actors that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and that they should do some vocal exercises before the show. Parallel Structure Problems in Phrases Parallelism is necessary not only in full sentences but also in phrases, as well: The British Museum is a wonderful place to see ancient Egyptian art, find beautiful  textiles from around  the  world, and  you can explore African artifacts. This sentence sounds jerky and out of balance, doesn’t it? That’s because the phrases are not parallel. Now read this: The British Museum is a wonderful place where you can find ancient Egyptian art, explore African artifacts, and discover beautiful textiles from around the world. Notice that each phrase has a verb and a direct object. Parallelism is necessary when a series of words, thoughts, or ideas appear in one sentence. If you encounter a sentence that just sounds wrong or clunky, look for conjunctions like and, or, but, and yet to determine whether the sentence is off balance.

Arsson in the united states Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Arsson in the united states - Essay Example Juveniles have been reported to be arrested with arson as well. Arsonists attacks those buildings in which nobody lives and poor neighborhoods are no exceptions to the same finding. The article pinpoints the role that there should be of the municipal and community members and leadership regimes as to how to keep arsonists away and incidences of arson must be reduced drastically has also been raised. With that, there is a mention of the increase in church arsons for the last ten years or so. The article presents a analysis of 1996-98 data from the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) which emphasizes the point that the per dollar loss due to arson fires were a bit higher than the average of all fires that erupted within the United States, however the death figures and injuries were way lower than the ones expected in such circumstances. The article fathoms that the general public thinks of arson as an insurance gimmick and that companies play with it to benefit their own selves. But it is a significant point to understand here that arsonists play havoc with life and property all this while and this is indeed an alarming thing to come to terms with. Also the fact that arson fires peak at some specific days of the year raises an eyebrow or two. The authorities at the helm of affairs must ensure that proper and adequate steps are taken to guarantee that the general public remain safe and hazard-free when certain events come up. These events include the Halloween’s, New Year’s, the July 4 Independence Day and so on. The article also speaks of the 1999 instance when six firefighters from the Worcester Fire Department had to give up their life when they were in the middle of a rescue operation in a cold storage warehouse. In the end, the article highlights the role of the fire departments and government agencies and as to how they are taking certain

Introduction to International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Introduction to International Business - Essay Example This can include money or people, and most often refers to a nation offering this investment to a private or publicly held corporation that is owned by people in foreign countries, who are doing the investing (â€Å"Foreign Direct Investment,† 2011). For example, the United States may have some people who are sent to Icecreamists, an ice cream parlor in the city of London that has made headlines for serving a new flavor called the â€Å"Lady Gaga,† which is made with human breast milk (Casciato, 2011) not only to help the budding entrepreneur who owns the establishment, but also to bring new ideas home. When dealing with foreign direct investments, it is paramount that those who deal in them understand that for each nation there are precise regulations that need to be followed in order to operate there. The purpose of foreign investment regulations is to protect industries when trying to catch up to more advanced nations. In some cases, it is to prevent other nations fr om being able to get a hold of the technology, methods, and management practices that make one nation better than all others. This is why some countries allow certain industries to receive a high level of foreign direct investment, and others to receive little. A nation like Ireland, for example, is very open to foreign direct investments while Finland operates in much the opposite fashion (Chang, 2003). Foreign investment regulations vary by country. In the United States, businesses are welcoming to member who participate in the World Trade Organization (WTO) to those who prefer more secrecy. Part of the reason for this is because the United States values the world of ideas and tends to shun isolationist sentiment, which is when a nation does not want to have anything to do with any other country. The idea that one country keeps to itself while others fend for themselves does not often work because while one nation is operating to the best of its ability, the world of nations are o perating to the best of all of their collective talents. For this reason nations who have tried to live in a bubble in the past have ended up paying a price for it later. Foreign investment regulations start with the premise that a firm must be abreast of global trends in their industry. For example, if a textile company wanted to know whether or not a foreign competitor was going to expand into its market, it could try to find out from third party sources, or it could go straight to the source. After all, if a firm from Japan, China, Brazil, or any country wanted to operate in the United States, it would be very interested to get an inside look at a factory (as well as its management and other staff) to see how to be successful, possibly allowing it to capitalize on shortcomings within the operations. Doing so will also allow for a company to see how globalization affects domestic clients, meaning that when a firm travels home, the local company will want to follow their expansion, which could allow for a partnership to form in work that is either performed in the United States or other countries (Chang, 26-30). All of this is related to concerns that management will have in screening potential markets for expansion. Two of the most important concerns are the assessment of internal resources and how competitive a firm can be in the new market. For example, it would not matter that Ford Motor Company has the cash to expand into India and sell sport utility vehicles if the locals would be

Academic degree Essay Example for Free

Academic degree Essay After the SPM examination,many students have to decide their future on which education to pursue. Some of my friends chose to enrol in college. I decided to study in matriculation college as a Pre-U qualification to enter university. My reason is university education is better than college education. This is because university has a better education system,more dedicated lecturers and better facilities. First,university education provides a better education system than college does. A SPM certificate is enough for you to enrol in a college but to enter a university you need a Pre-U qualification such as STPM or A-level. This simply shows that it is harder to study in university as you need some qualifications in which the college does not demand. Besides,the grading system in university is stricter than that of college. So,students have to work harder to get a good result. On the other hand,most college change their grading system,according to the overall result of their students. Moreover,the the syllabus in university is well designed. Besides giving knowledge,it helps to develop the social skills of students. For example,Students have to do survey on public about topics related to their study. This ensures that the graduates can have critical thinking skill and communication skill. Universities usually hire more experienced lecturers with better knowledge. According to a research, these lectures possess a Master or PhD degree and some even graduated overseas. Thus,they have higher level of of knowledge which benefits the students. Besides,Most of them have years of teaching experience and so they know how to guide their students,developing their skills and exploring their potential. For instance,a Physics lecturer does not only talk on theories. Instead,he teaches the students to analyse a problem logically. They are also more caring and responsible to their students. These qualities are hard to seen in college lecturers,who are mostly bachelor degree holder and work just for money. (very serious generalisation here!) Last but not least,university usually has better facilities,for example,the state-of-art computers. Unlike those college such as Inti College which are run by private companies,university has a better management. Thus every single thing in the university,including the infrastructure is planned and developed well. This is beneficial to students. For instance,university with advanced laboratories is beneficial to students as they can learn science better by being explored to the real situation while conducting experiments. Besides,university with better sports facilities can help the students to relax their mind. In other words,better facilities means a more conducive environment for university students. In a nutshell,university education is better than college education for its better education system,lecturers and facilities. Despite the growing number of college in our country,I advice fellow friends to choose university education so that when you graduate,you are competitive enough to survive in this ever developing world.

Endangered Species - Causes of Endangerment :: essays papers

Endangered Species - Causes of Endangerment The term endangered is used by international and national organizations to define plants and animals currently in danger of becoming extinct. Although the term endangered is universally used, the definition of an endangered species is greatly varied. In most cases, the factors causing an organism to become endangered are human- related. When discussing the causes of endangered species, it is important to understand that individual species are not the only factors involved in this dilemma. Endangerment is a broad issue, one that involves the habitats and environments where species live and interact with one another. Although some measures are being taken to help specific cases of endangerment, the universal problem cannot be solved until humans protect the natural environments where endangered species dwell. Back in the fall of 1973 Congress passed the Endangered Species Act, the point of which was to identify the plants and animals in the most trouble and come up with plans for saving them. The effort has probably been as controversial as it has been successful (Institute of Advanced Studies 39). Of the more than 1,400 species designated as endangered, only 18 have recovered to the point where they've been taken off the list. Upon signing the Endangered Species Act on December 28, 1973, President Nixon stated "Nothing is more priceless and more worthy of preservation than the rich array of animal life with which our country has been blessed" (Environmental Protection Agency). And now that scientists have cloned the last surviving member of a rare breed of cow, some fear that the public's sense of urgency regarding vanishing species might fade. Why not just clone more owls, the thinking goes; but that, say wildlife experts, would be only a quick fix. "Cloning would provide us with individual animals but not the home to introduce them to in the wild," says Jeff Flocken, endangered species outreach coordinator at the National Wildlife Federation. "Whate ver's causing a species to decline, whether it's exploitation or destruction of a habitat, would continue to put that species at risk of being exterminated" (National Wildlife Federation ). Today there are currently 1246 species of plants and animals that are either on the endangered or threatened list in the United States and 1804 worldwide. Of the 1804 endangered species worldwide, only 975 of them have approved recovery plans (Endangered Species Coalition).

Euler and Hamiltonian Circuits

Euler and Hamiltonian Circuits As I type this sentence millions of students all over the country are in their math class either a) struggling to open their eyelids or b) tapping their fingers due to boredom and impatience. They have all failed to understand how the topic would later come of use. Although mathematics may seem to be â€Å"unnecessary† it teaches our brains to strategize, and think differently through the use of trial and error and problem solving. Most individuals consider mathematics to be a dreadful topic, and can never really comprehend how it can be beneficial in our lives on a daily basis.Most of the time, they may seem to be correct. However, they are not. Most of the time, we are using its strategies without even acknowledging it. We use it for almost anything we do: currency, measurement, time, etc. Two examples of math we use on a regular basis are Euler and Hamiltonian Circuits. An Euler Circuit is a circuit that reaches each edge of a graph exactly on ce. (Malkevitch, 8) This theory is named after Leonhard Euler, an outstanding mathematician during the 18th century. Euler had been the first person to study this category of circuits.In addition, he was the creator of the theory of graphs, or graph theory. One of the many things he had found was that most graphs do not have an Euler circuit at all. Euler had also contributed to the field of mathematics in various ways. He was a very creative individual, establishing more than 500 works throughout his lifetime. Euler had been considered a prodigy because he was working with the most complex mathematical calculations under the very poor conditions he lived in, and proceeded to work with these problems until he had become totally blind. Malkevitch, 9) According to Professor Clark Kimberling, some of the other things Euler had discovered or had named after him in his honor are: e (the calculus number), a,b,c (the side lengths of a triangle), f(x) (for functional value), R and r (the ci rcumradius and inradius of a triangle), sin x and cos x (values of sine and cosine functions), i (for the square root of -1), capital sigma (summation), and, lastly, capital delta (finite difference). In 1736, Euler had come up with the idea of a graph when he held the ability to solve a problem in â€Å"recreational mathematics†.He had proven that it was not possible to go to a route visiting the seven bridges of the German town of Konigsberg only, and not more than, once. A Hamiltonian Circuit is a tour that begins at a vertex of a graph and visits each vertex exactly once, and then returns to where it had originated. (Malkevitch, 35) This theory is named after Sir William Rowan Hamilton, an Irish mathematician and astronomer, who lived from 1805 to 1865. Much like Euler, Hamilton was considered a prodigy except as a child.He had the ability to read four dialects (English, Hebrew, Greek, and Latin) by the time he reached the age of four. Additionally, he enjoyed writing poe try and was able to maintain close friendships with other well-known scholars such as Wordsworth and Coleridge. When he was just twenty-three years old, he became a Professor of Astronomy in Trinity College in Dublin, Ireland. (Bowen Larry) He received the privilege of having Hamiltonian Circuits named after him because he was one of the first to study it.However, the first to discover this concept was Thomas Kirkman, a British minister with a liking for mathematics, who lived from 1806 to 1895. These two concepts are significant to the field of mathematics because they are the appropriate devices for analyzing problems where it is necessary to visit each vertex or edge only once. People often associate Hamiltonian Circuits with Euler Circuits because they both prohibit reuse. Euler Circuits prohibits the reuse of edges whereas Hamiltonian Circuits do not allow the reuse of vertices.Both Euler and Hamiltonian circuits are extremely beneficial in our daily lives because they are clas sified under problems known as â€Å"routing problems†. According to Professor Larry Bowen, â€Å"routing problems† are problems whose solution attempts the most efficient way(s) of routing things among different destinations. These problems may appear in various areas such as: transportation, communications, and the delivery of services. Without our realization, we use Euler problems on a day-to-day basis specifically in management science.Anytime it is necessary for services to go through streets or roads the Euler Circuit theory can be more resourceful. To show more specific problems, Euler circuits can help an individual while they are salting icy roads, plowing snow, mowing grass along highways, collecting garbage, collecting debris or leaves from urban curbs, inspecting railroad tracks for flaws, or reading electric meters at private houses. (Malkevitch, 19) We use them to indicate where the arrows on the streets should be placed, and in what direction they shoul d go in.In addition, we use them to construct the schedules for when parking is forbidden. Because parking-times are massive factors in street sweeping, it is essential find a circuit that visits streets when they are free of cars. Also, we use Euler circuits to distribute territory into multiple routes for street sweepers, parking officers, and sanitation workers. The objective is to find easy routes for them to travel by as well as taking traffic direction, number of lanes, parking-time restrictions, and divided routes into consideration.All of these examples are possible through management science, a field that most people would want to attain as a career in one day. (Malkevitch, Joseph) Just like Euler circuits problems, we essentially use Hamiltonian circuit problems on a daily basis as well specifically through the use of business efficiency. Hamiltonian circuits have many applications. The deliveries of mail and packages, or water meter inspections are done with the use of Ha miltonian circuit problems because it is necessary that they meet each vertex within a graph.Some examples of its regular uses are for inspecting traffic signals, for delivering mail to drop-off boxes, or for delivering Meals on Wheels to the elderly. (Malkevitch, 35) In addition, an individual can use a Hamiltonian Circuit when they plan on going on a vacation. They would construct a graph of all the places they would like to visit and figure the distances between all of the places, and essentially they would be able to figure out which is the best possible route to take as well as with the shortest distance.As shown in the examples above, Euler and Hamiltonian circuits have made advancements to their field because they give individuals assistance in transportation, communications, and delivery of services. They give all of the following areas the ability to come up with routes in a well-organized, efficient fashion. On a personal level, these types of circuits have interested me n ot only because of the history of the individuals who created them, but also because of what these circuits are used for on a daily basis.At first, when I had learned about the topic in class I was only focused on solely the arithmetic and formulas of the problems. Later, while researching into their uses, I was then aware of how they can be used in real-life situations. With a background of this information, if I ever wish to pursue a career in management science or business efficiency, I will have a general idea of how it works. Overall, these circuits can teach an individual how mathematics comes into play in real-life situations. Works Cited 1. Bowen, Larry, Dr. â€Å"Quick Summary. † Quick Summary. University of Alabama, n. . Web. 28 Nov. 2012. . 2. Malkevitch, Joseph. â€Å"Chapter 2: Business Efficiency. † For All Practical Purposes: Mathematical Literacy in Today's World. 9th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman and, n. d. 35-57. Print. 3. Malkevitch, Joseph. â€Å"Cha pter 1: Urban Services. † For All Practical Purposes: Mathematical Literacy in Today's World. 9th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman and, n. d. 5-21. Print. 4. Kimberling, Clark. â€Å"Leonhard Euler. † LEONHARD EULER. University of Evansville, n. d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. . 5. Bowen, Larry, Dr. â€Å"Introduction. † Introduction. University of Alabama, n. d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. .

Discussion On The Issue Of Goodwill Accounting Essay

AbstractionThe most controversial good will issue is whether the internally generated good will should be confirmed, which is a hot subject in fiscal accounting. In this essay, the writer will present the good will, which including internally generated good will and amalgamate good will. Then, will elaborate the sentiment that internally generated good will should be confirmed, accompanied with statements of the reason and necessity. Furthermore, it will exemplify by a UK list company. Furthermore, it will discourse how to corroborate internally generated good will. Finally, writer will do a decision. Cardinal words: good will, internally generated good will, amalgamate good will, verification,IntroductionPresently, there is no a by and large accepted construct of good will. While three representative positions are favorable attitudes concept, extra net incomes construct and maestro rating history construct ( Andrea, 2009 ) . More specifically, in favorable attitudes concept, goodwill arises because of good concern contacts, good staff dealingss and good feeling of client ( ibid ) . Furthermore, in the position of extra net incomes construct, good will is the discounted value that expected future benefits which non including good will exceeds the normal returns of entire investing ( ibid ) . Furthermore, as for the position of maestro rating history construct, good will is the difference between overall value of assets and value of single touchable assets and identifiable intangible assets. It believes that good will is non a sort of interest-bearing assets, but a particular prici ng history and shows the entire value of all the assets of the entity exceeds the amount of single value ( ibid ) . Based on above positions, good will could be identified that it is a present discounted value hard currency flow of future extra returns come from synergisms of combination of assorted elements of administration. Therefore, harmonizing to this definition, it might be stated that internally generated good will is the value generated under the bing synergisms by combinations of elements of concern ; while consolidated good will is the value produced expected synergisms of both parts of acquisition expect the combination of elements ( Michael, 2010 ) . The elements of each company might organize a new synergism because of combination after the amalgamation and acquisition activity. So that a company could obtain a new internally generated good will when it mergers others ( Andrea, 2010 ) . It perchance can be said that internally generated good will is the footing of amal gamate good will ; consolidated good will is converted signifier of internally generated good will. However, there are differences between two signifiers of good will. Specifically, amalgamate good will is a trading monetary value reached by two parties voluntarily through a clear and specific trade. It is formed in consequence of a certain degree of competition in a amalgamations and acquisitions market. Yet, internally generated good will is one-sided ( Michael, 2010 ) .Internally generated good will issueHarmonizing to the model for the readying and presentation of fiscal statements IAS 38 and IFRS 3 ( 2012 ) , internally generated good will can non be shown onto the statement of fiscal place, but consolidated good will must be confirmed in the statement of fiscal place. However, as cognition based economic system coming, the value formed by cognition and intelligence increased greatly. Goodwill occupies proportion of entire assets turning in an endeavor. Especially in some high engineering companies, good will has bit by bit become the chief organic structure of entire plus. Confronting intensified and complex competition, more and more endeavors are trusting on internally generated good will to rule the market ( Martin, 2008 ) . Therefore, it likely can be claimed that it is necessary to corroborate internally generated good will.The negative effects of unrecognising internally generated good willThere are some negatives if the internally generated good will is non confirmed. Specifically, in the undermentioned facets chiefly: foremost, misdemeanor of the rule of nonsubjective which can do a serious deformation of accounting information ( Martin, 2008 ) . More item, good will in the proportion of corporate assets is turning, and some have been dominant, which comparing to fixed assets in the proportion of corporate assets become smaller. In this instance, if it still insisted on rule of prudent accounting that internally generated good will is non confirm ed, it will divert from book value of and the existent value, which will take to a deformation of accounting information and violates the accounting rules of objectiveness and the importance ( ibid ) . Second, it does non run into rule of consistence. It could be said that good will is ever internally generated, irrespective spontaneous good will or consolidated good will ( ibid ) . As purchased good will is the internally generated good will of acquired company which merely have non been confirmed before amalgamation, but merely until the acquisition is confirmed ( ibid ) . Internally generated good will originally owned by the acquired endeavor is confirmed as internally generated good will of a new group when the amalgamation occurs. Yet, the new group would merely corroborate this portion without the verification of internally generated good will of the original acquisition of companies ( ibid ) . It likely can be stated that it is inconsistent with the accounting rule of consis tence. Furthermore, it violates the rule of accrual. More specific, the amalgamate good will is public presentation signifier of internally generated good will in market. It is ever existed, but it will non be confirmed until being acquired, which is inconsistent with the rules of accrual ( ibid ) . Furthermore, internally generated good will is the consequence of long term bring forthing and pull offing procedure, it should be confirmed in the fiscal statements, which consistent with the rules of accrual. Or it applies hard currency footing rules ( ibid ) . Finally, it is contrary to the relevancy and dependability of accounting information. Specifically, it might non reflect the extra profitableness of the company seasonably and accurately if confirm the good will merely when amalgamations and acquisitions occur. As it can non supply information about good will seasonably, neither satisfies the demands of fiducial responsibility to operators, nor satisfies the demands of intereste d parties to utilize accounting information for economic decision-making ( ibid ) . Therefore, it could be said that it is contrary to the relevancy and dependability of accounting information if internally generated good will is non confirmed.Rationality and necessity of verification of internally generated good willFirst, sing about the aim of fiscal coverage, internally generated good will is an of import manifestation of future extra net incomes of a company, and it has a great impact of creative activity of future hard currency flows. So supplying the information generated good will to information users, which is contributing assess the chances of future hard currency flows of information and benefit to supply the utile information to stakeholders to do rational determinations ( Nina, 2010 ) , which is the content of aims of fiscal accounting. Therefore, it might be stated that aims of fiscal accounting necessitating verification of internally generated good will. As for accounting rules, foremost, with the age of cognition economic system, the good will accounts assets for an increasing proportion, which can be seen from amalgamations and acquisitions activities. For case, Chelsea football nine plc, which is the UK listed company, had been sold to Roman Abramovich for 137 million lbs in 2003. While the book value of Chelsea football nine plc is 56 million lbs ( Chelsea, 2003 ) , that means 81 million lbs were used for purchase the good will. Therefore, it perchance can be said that harmonizing to the rule of importance, internally generated good will should be confirmed. Furthermore, verification of internally generated good will meets the rule of comparison. It is deficiency of comparison between one with amalgamate good will and one with internally generated good will if does non corroborate it ( Nina, 2010 ) . Furthermore, it matches the rule of fiting, as internally generated good will is a consequence of drawn-out precipitation informati on and past experience is accumulated ( ibid ) , it can be said that it has value and effectivity. While, the outgo of this procedure are identified as costs. Therefore, internally generated good will which can convey the extra returns merely if put onto the fiscal statements, so that reflect the rule of fiting grosss and disbursals ( ibid ) .Way to corroborate the internally generated good willThe nature of good will is that conveying the extra economic involvements to the company. Therefore, it might bespeak that good will merely exists among companies that obtained extra net incomes. In the interim, it need to forestall it becomes a manner to pull strings net incomes ( Michael, 2010 ) . Therefore, a sensible manner to corroborate good will should be that the company should use goodwill assess application to professional good will plus rating bureaus when a company obtain higher net incomes continuously than the industry norm over several accounting periods. There is internally ge nerated good will in a company when it shows there is positive difference between assessed overall values and assessed just value single touchable plus ( ibid ) .DecisionUnder IAS 38 ( 2012 ) , internally generated good will can non be shown onto the statement of fiscal place ; while under and IFRS 3 ( 2012 ) consolidated good will must be confirmed in the statement of fiscal place. It is non correspond with demands of aims of accounting and accounting rules in modern-day epoch, and it is rational and necessary to corroborate the internally generated good will. Therefore internally generated good will should be confirmed on the statement of fiscal place.

Practice Creative Writing With These Prompts

Practice Creative Writing With These Prompts You need to write a story for your creative writing class? Would you like it to be a horror story, a suspense, a romance or a sci-fi one? Whatever genre you choose, here are some creative writing prompts for you: Your Biggest Fan This one is straight out of the book Misery by Stephen King where a deranged fan kidnaps and tortures her favorite writer. How can you put a twist on a creepy, invasive fan that will make peoples skin crawl? The Reader Takes Part in the Action Why not write a book where the narrator slowly falls in love with the reader? How would you describe that? Haunted House Is there a creepy old house in your neighborhood that nobody wants to walk past? Are there steep stairs leading up to it like in Psycho? Maybe its a mystery who lives there as nobody is ever seen going in or out, yet theres always a candle in the window at night? What finally brings you to an encounter with the house? A dare from your friends? Did your cat escape and run into the scary house and you have to find it? What do you see when you enter? Vampires, Monsters and Zombies Then there are the traditional monster and zombie stories where bloodthirsty supernatural beings invade a town and start a killing spree. Where are you when this happens? How do you escape? What scenes of horror do you witness as you run for your life? Alternative Dreams The kids usually dream of becoming ninjas, astronauts, cowboys. Instead, they grow up to become bankers, accountants. Imagine the alternative reality, where a little boy wanted to be a lawyer whereas had to become an FBI agent. How would the story evolve? Ghosts These can be some of the scariest stories. Someone has died, but their spirit wont leave. How do you come into contact with this ghost? How do things develop? In the beginning, you merely sense something strange, but as time goes on, the ghost becomes more and more invasive in your life until you find yourself possessed by it! How do you fight the ghost? With a priest? Why is it tormenting you? How can you put it to rest? What is its story? Another Kind of Death In this universe, the dead dont just become limp corpses. They function just like regular bodies, just without a soul. How do they interact with those alive? Why not break the clichà © and make zombies good this time? The Forgotten You awake and start getting ready for work, you go downstairs and no one in your house knows who you are and your pictures have vanished. What do you do first? How do you make your loved ones remember you? Buried Alive As in The Raven where Poes fiancà ©e is buried alive slowly, how could you write this theme to evoke the terror of feeling the earth cover you while youre still alive? Does your victim escape? How do they do it? Who put them there in the first place and why? Accident Sometimes there doesnt have to be a villain for the story to be terrifying. What if you were in an accident, a car crash, or are hanging from a cliff? How do you overcome the situation and make it out alive? Bring on Some Sci-Fi You have invented an A.I system that integrates with a human body to automatically provide adjustments that will allow you to evolve and better your life. You are the first person to test new technology out. What adjustments do you think will be made? A great idea is always vital for a successful story. Pick one of the above or think of one yourself and go ahead, start creating! Got some incredible prompts youd like to share with others? Write them in the comments!

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) - Statistics Definition

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) - Statistics Definition Many times when we study a group, we are really comparing two populations. Depending upon the parameter of this group we are interested in and the conditions we are dealing with, there are several techniques available. Statistical inference procedures that concern the comparison of two populations cannot usually be applied to three or more populations. To study more than two populations at once, we need different types of statistical tools. Analysis of variance, or ANOVA, is a technique from statistical interference that allows us to deal with several populations. Comparison of Means To see what problems arise and why we need ANOVA, we will consider an example. Suppose we are trying to determine if the mean weights of green, red, blue and orange MM candies are different from each other. We will state the mean weights for each of these populations, ÃŽ ¼1, ÃŽ ¼2, ÃŽ ¼3 ÃŽ ¼4 and respectively. We may use the appropriate hypothesis test several times, and test C(4,2), or six different null hypotheses: H0: ÃŽ ¼1 ÃŽ ¼2 to check if the mean weight of the population of the red candies is different than the mean weight of the population of the blue candies.H0: ÃŽ ¼2 ÃŽ ¼3 to check if the mean weight of the population of the blue candies is different than the mean weight of the population of the green candies.H0: ÃŽ ¼3 ÃŽ ¼4 to check if the mean weight of the population of the green candies is different than the mean weight of the population of the orange candies.H0: ÃŽ ¼4 ÃŽ ¼1 to check if the mean weight of the population of the orange candies is different than the mean weight of the population of the red candies.H0: ÃŽ ¼1 ÃŽ ¼3 to check if the mean weight of the population of the red candies is different than the mean weight of the population of the green candies.H0: ÃŽ ¼2 ÃŽ ¼4 to check if the mean weight of the population of the blue candies is different than the mean weight of the population of the orange candies. There are many problems with this kind of analysis. We will have six p-values. Even though we may test each at a 95% level of confidence, our confidence in the overall process is less than this because probabilities multiply: .95 x .95 x .95 x .95 x .95 x .95 is approximately .74, or an 74% level of confidence. Thus the probability of a type I error has increased. At a more fundamental level, we cannot compare these four parameters as a whole by comparing them two at a time. The means of the red and blue MMs may be significant, with the mean weight of red being relatively larger than the mean weight of the blue. However, when we consider the mean weights of all four kinds of candy, there may not be a significant difference. Analysis of Variance To deal with situations in which we need to make multiple comparisons we use ANOVA. This test allows us to consider the parameters of several populations at once, without getting into some of the problems that confront us by conducting hypothesis tests on two parameters at a time. To conduct ANOVA with the MM example above, we would test the null hypothesis H0:ÃŽ ¼1 ÃŽ ¼2 ÃŽ ¼3 ÃŽ ¼4. This states that there is no difference between the mean weights of the red, blue and green MMs. The alternative hypothesis is that there is some difference between the mean weights of the red, blue, green and orange MMs. This hypothesis is really a combination of several statements Ha: The mean weight of the population of red candies is not equal to the mean weight of the population of blue candies, ORThe mean weight of the population of blue candies is not equal to the mean weight of the population of green candies, ORThe mean weight of the population of green candies is not equal to the mean weight of the population of orange candies, ORThe mean weight of the population of green candies is not equal to the mean weight of the population of red candies, ORThe mean weight of the population of blue candies is not equal to the mean weight of the population of orange candies, ORThe mean weight of the population of blue candies is not equal to the mean weight of the population of red candies. In this particular instance, in order to obtain our p-value, we would utilize a probability distribution known as the F-distribution. Calculations involving the ANOVA F test can be done by hand, but are typically computed with statistical software. Multiple Comparisons What separates ANOVA from other statistical techniques is that it is used to make multiple comparisons. This is common throughout statistics, as there are many times where we want to compare more than just two groups. Typically an overall test suggests that there is some sort of difference between the parameters we are studying. We then follow this test with some other analysis to decide which parameter differs.

International Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International - Research Paper Example Besides, it will help the company to build its name and have a good reputation in the eyes of the public. The staffing alternatives to be adopted by the company in a foreign country include the hiring of locals and expatriates both on permanent and contract basis. The employment of the locals is a necessary requirement for all multinationals operating in any country. Since one of our goals will be to create employment opportunities, we will have to engage the locals either as senior managers, junior managers or subordinate staff. On the other hand, expatriates are employees assigned to a foreign country to offer specialized services which may be lacking in the foreign country in which the company has established its subsidiary (Ulrich, 2011). In my opinion, high-quality mentoring system should be a necessity for international assignees. It helps in providing and equipping the expatriates with all the important information that they need to know about their new assignment. It is only through mentoring that assignees can know much about their roles, responsibilities and the challenges that they might experience in the new country in which they are attached. At the same time, mentoring can help in enlightening them on the socio-cultural and political conditions of the new country in which they are to serve (Inkson, K. et al., 2009). Such adequate preparation can help in preparing the assignees to succeed. An example of a high-quality mentoring program should be based on a solid research, be integrated and realistic. This is the only way through which it can cover all the necessary issues to be tackled. As a HRM, I would like to suggest the use of cash flow method to help in measuring my company’s ROI. It is a very simple activity that does not necessarily require a lot of training. If procedurally used as outlined, it can be useful in helping the company to quantify the value of return on its investments on services like advertising which of course, can

Juvenile Justice - Gang Control Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Juvenile Justice - Gang Control - Assignment Example These mechanisms include the law enforcement and justice system, governmental intervention, collaboration with social institutions as well as employing the assistance of the rich, powerful and the rest of the society in assistance with the social control to end the social conflict (Siegel and Welsh, 2008). This is exactly what the end of youth gang problem in society needs a collaboration of several strategies and mechanisms that are not only based on legal proceedings and law enforcement but which aim to completely transform the lives of these youth gang members and those of their families and they may shun away from the gang life by for example giving them education and skills training so that they can seek honest jobs. 2. Accurately assessing a gang problem is a crucial first step in effective intervention as noted in the training module. Where would you go to get the most accurate information regarding gang membership and activity in your community? How would you deal with the stereotypes that are often portrayed by the media in your assessment? The most accurate data and information about the gangs would be got from the community policing committee as it is this committee that even involves the police and other law enforcement personnel on the gangs in the area. They get their information from parents, guardians, schools and even from their community policing activities in the community. The parents and schools have the mandate to inform the community about their children or students activities or suspicious behaviour. The other source is from the social workers with various social institutions and organizations. The stereotypes by the media on the issue of youth gangs mostly are as a result of wrong information of these gangs from the definition of what youth gangs are to their way of dressing or even social interaction. The first way to deal with such stereotypes is to obtain the correct definition of youth gangs including their areas of meeting and the activities they carry out.  Ã‚  

Working with Severe and Enduring Mental Health Problems Essay

Working with Severe and Enduring Mental Health Problems - Essay Example He grew up seeing his parents drink and often they would allow him have a taste of the drink at the tender age of 10. Jacob grew up in the city, in a poor neighborhood. His friends in school were mostly people who took alcohol or smoked cigarettes. As a result of interacting mainly with drunkards and smokers, he became very addicted to alcohol. Another factor that contributed to his addiction was that he felt that he was being discriminated against in school and in the neighborhood like his fellow African Americans. He could not perform well in class due to several social problems including poverty and racial discrimination prompting him to seek something that he could take to get relaxed, less nervous, to cheer up, and as a pass time activity. Jack admits to taking, on average, 500mls of spirit every day. Due to his drinking habit, he dropped out of college. He opted to get money to drink by doing odd jobs. Whenever he gets a job, usually casual, he starts well and shows a lot of de dication. However, every time he is paid, he loses focus taking time to drink and absenting himself from work. In the end, he has nothing to survive on leading to his stress and depression. Jack’s story is quite similar to that of many other alcohol addicts struggling with their addiction. He has relapsed countless times in his attempt to overcome addiction. In his current state, Jack is suffering from depression. He is often bored, tired, anxious, and feels sad. His concentration is low and his social life pathetic. Whenever he does not take a drink, Jack gets extremely nervous and experiences headache, his body shaking. Even without taking a drink, he hallucinates and walks as though he will drop with the very next step. People tend to avoid Jack and treat him harshly for being an addict, leading to his stigmatization. For him, getting a job is a nightmare; he seems weak with blood shot eyes that make others feel others a little uncomfortable in his presence. Coupled with h is racial background Jack feels greatly marginalized and disfavored. The community in which Jack lives is predominantly white. Although people sympathize with Jack’s situation, many feel that they can do very little, almost nothing to help him. Some people ask him to quit drinking at once, others ask him to reduce his consumption gradually. A few people have taken time to counsel him advising him to take responsibility and decide his destiny. Others, however, opt to buy him more alcohol especially when they need him to perform an odd job. While many people treat him with contempt and disrespect, a few consider him and treat him with dignity. In an attempt to help Jack overcome his addiction, I have encouraged him to do some physical exercises and to ensure that his mind is always occupied as suggested by Nash (2010). By exercising, his body will experience improved blood flow making him more relaxed and receptive to positive thoughts. I have encouraged him to pursue his desir e for a changed life, free of alcohol-related bondage. I have also encouraged jack to join an online support network so as to build his social life. I have also asked him to develop an interest for various activities of his choice so as to keep himself occupied. So as to avoid temptation, I have asked jack to avoid keeping alcohol at home. Instead, he should program himself to drink on plan, not as often as he feels like. In addition, I have introduced Jack to a self help group that caters for the needs of alcoholics and drug addicts. The potential barriers to Jack’s recovery include the attitude of the society regarding alcoholics and drug addicts. This goes hand in hand with discrimination, and stigma connected to mental sickness, which is certainly a value judgment as noted by Weinstein (2010). In some

Oncolytic Virus Therapy for Cancer

Oncolytic Virus Therapy for Cancer Abstract Interest of oncolytic virotherapy is mounting from over the past few decades for treating many kinds of malignancies. Despite oncolytic viruses attain many successes in cancer therapeutic era; they all have still challenges in their developments. The interaction between virulence factors of viruses, hosts immune defense system, microenvironments and tumour factors are the hazardous influences in their achievements of novelties. Currently, with the thanks of modern recombinant biotechnology, most of the oncolytic viruses are increasing their tumour selectivity and specificity. On the other hand, they reduce their efficacies on physiologically functioning cells. Furthermore, combinational therapies with traditional anti-cancer treatment regimes have also promising and relevance outcomes. In 2004, Chinese food and drug administration (FDA) approved first oncolytic virus in treatment of head and neck tumours. However, they have some still unsolved obstacles in proper cancer therapy. In m y paper, the current issues and future prospects of the oncolytic viruses are highlighted how to use as therapeutic weapons. Keywords: Oncolytic viruses; Oncolytic virotherapy; Cancer gene therapies; recombinant 1. Introduction Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally comprising 13% of all deaths (7.6 million deaths) in 2008. Although well established conventional therapies including surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are existed, we still need new therapies and strategic plans. Local therapies such as surgery and radiotherapy have been limited in disseminated tumours. Likewise, chemotherapy has some intolerable adverse effects and sometimes, pre-existing chemo-sensitive tumours are resistance to chemotherapy after prolonged used. Thus, we really need certain promising therapies to handle these problems. Recent years, oncolytic virotherapy is uprising and promising for the various types of cancers. Ideology of virotherapy treating the malignancy has been introduced since early 20th century. However, since early oncolytic viruses were targeted not only tumour cells but also the normal cells, interest in the virotherapy was declined. Therefore, many trials related with such therapy were termi nated during the following decades. Late 1990s, interest of virotherapy was re-active with the advance of modern biotechnology. Today, concern of the virotherapy is high and it has the potential promises as a reasonable cancer treatment by itself or conjunction with other conventional therapies such as surgery, radio and/ or chemotherapy (synergic effect). Advance technology allows the development of oncolytic viruses which only effective on dividing cancer cells but not attack the normal dividing cells. There are generally two types of oncolytic viruses namely non-engineered (naturally occouring) and engineered agents. Both types may destroy the malignant cells without harming the normal cells. Generally, oncolytic viruses only infect and preferentially replicate within the cancer cells followed by lyses these cells. In recent years, many therapeutic virus candidates are emerging and testing their oncolytic prosperities with preclinical and clinical trials. Among them, adenovirus H101 was the first virus approved by C hinese food and drug administration (FDA) in 2004 as the adjuvant oncolytic virotherapy combined with pre-existing conventional chemo- and radiotherapy in the head and neck cancers. 2. Type of oncolytic viruses Oncolytic viruses are principally divided into 4 types according to their mechanisms of action. There are intrinsically tumour selective viruses, virulent gene deleted viruses, promoter inserted viruses and pseudotyped viruses. Genetic modified oncolytic viruses are manipulated whether insertion of the transgenes or deletion of the virulence genes. Naturally occouring tumour selective viruses are the viruses that are not genetically modified, direct targeting on the malignant cells. For instance, New castle disease virus, Vesicular stomatitis virus, Poliovirus and Reovirus are intrinsically tumour selective. However, affectivity is less due to depend on the natural strength of their lytic properties. Virulent gene deleted oncolytic viruses are more popular because their selectivity on target tumours are more specific without infectivity to normal ones. For example, herpes simplex virus, adenovirus, measles virus and vaccinia virus can be modified by deletion of their virulence protein coding genes. In addition, inserting of foreign genetic elements such as promoter region boost tumor specificity and selectivity of oncolytic viruses. Thus, tumour cells allow the replication of these viruses because only tumour cells can activate the promoter region of them. For example, prostate specific antigen (PSA) promoter inserted adenovirus CG7870 applies in prostate cancer and promising results were came out. Pesudotyped oncolytic viruses are modified with ligands which target tumour selective cell surface receptors. Therefore, they solely have their infectivity on malignant cells. (E.g. adenovirus delta 24RGD). Moreover, these viruses may reduce toxicity and dose requirement. 3. Characteristic features of standard oncolytic virus Since viruses can infect not only the malignant cells but also the functioning cells, oncolytic virotherapy is the critical therapy. Hence, safety and efficacy of the virotherapy are considerable issue and still challenging for further improvement. Potential oncolytic viruses are needed to confirm or compare whether they have real ideal characters of oncolytic virus or not. Standard characters of the oncolytic virus stated that (1) they only replicate within tumour with high multiplication rate, not on normal cells (2) less or no infectivity and virulence than their wild types (3) genetically stable so that mutations and recombination with other viruses are minimized for manufacturing and safety issues. DNA virus is more stable than RNA virus (4) can inactivated anytime with antiviral drugs or other mechanisms (5) considerable mass production (commercially available) can be possible with good manufacturing practices. Therefore, for development of virotherapy, all oncolytic viruses sh ould be fulfilled above criteria. Adenovirus and Herpes simplex virus (HSV) have high selectivity and specificity on tumour cells with massive replication rate of 1000 folds in 1st cycle. Besides, they are considerably stable whereas terminate anytime with their respective antiviral therapy (e.g. adenovirus is self-limiting and HSV is treated by acyclovir). 4. Tumour selective mechanism With the knowledge of the malignant cells molecular biology, oncolytic virotherapy can be created to attack the tumour cells selectively. Cancer cells undergo changes ranging from subtle point mutation to chromosomal instability. Inherent tumour selective viruses specifically attack the tumour cells by targeting the specific tumour promoting pathway of the malignant cells such as activated Ras and AKT pathway, defective interferon (IFN) pathway etc. RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) pathway is a natural process that inhibits viral protein synthesis. Physiologically, interferon (IFN) secreted from infected cells phosphorylates the PKR which subsequent phosphorylates eIF-2ÃŽ ±. Then, phosphorylated eIF-2ÃŽ ± interfere the oncolytic viral protein synthesis that require for their virulence. In contrast, Ras mutation and defective IFN in malignant cells disturbs the PKR pathway and favours the oncolytic virus activity. For instance, herpes simplex virus (HSV) containing neurovirulence gene ÃŽ ³34.5 that binds with intracellular phosphatase and dephosphorylates eIF-2ÃŽ ± allowing replication of HSV in both normal and tumour cells. However, deletion of this gene permits to replicate only in Ras mutated or interferon (IFN) defective cells. Controversially, recent finding suggested that ÃŽ ³34.5 deleted HSV can also replicate in PKR functional malignant cells. It is seen to be defects in PI-3 kinase pathway which favours translation of ÃŽ ³34.5 mutant HSV. Moreover, genetically modified adenovirus (dl331), VAI mutant strain, prefers to replicate only in tumour cells with Ras activation. Similarly, dl331 is also effective in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) associated tumours such as nasopharyngeal malignancy because Epstein-Barr virus expresses viral associated RNAs (VA RNAs) that defect PKR pathway. Many cancer cells over-express receptors for virus in high level. Thus, exploiting this mechanism, many oncolytic viruses are selectively homed in their specific malignant cells. For example, over-expression of intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and decay acceleration factor (DAF) in tumour favours to infect Coxsackie virus A21. Besides, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) binds sialic acid receptors. Alpha virus similarly uses heparin sulphate or ICAM-1 as its receptors. Both of them are highly express in tumor population. Therefore, these viruses are highly concentrated in tumour cells. 5. Immunogenicity of virotherapy Likewise as many other viruses, oncolytic viruses also stimulate and activate the body defense mechanisms including innate as well as adopted immunity. These viruses produce the viral proteins required for their replication within tumour cells. These proteins also stimulate the MHC class I gene to present it on the cellular surface of tumour cells as well as on the normal cells. MHC class I antigen was recognized by cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) or CD8+ cells which may destroy any cells representing MHC I antigens. Therefore, nature immunity allows eliminating both tumour and normal non-dividing cells. So, oncolytic viruses may also destroy normal cells apart from abnormal ones. An immune mechanism on the oncolytic viruses is one of the major constraints for developing modern virotherapy. However, to date, genetically modified viruses can only replicate and lyses p53 mutant cells. They cannot inactivate p53 gene of the normal host cells. p53 is functional and prevent replication of these viruses in the normal host cells. So, they are allowed their functions only in mutant tumour cells. 6. Conversion of oncogenic to oncolytic Many oncogenic viruses are potential to use as oncolytic therapy nowadays after genetically manipulation. Generally, 15-20% of the carcinogenesis is contributed by various kinds of oncogenic viruses such as herpes papilloma virus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus etc. Reversely, these viruses can be changed to treat the malignancies by exploiting their lytic effects on the dividing cells. One of the classical examples is herpes simplex virus type 2 which is ongoing trials in many tumour cell lines by deleting its oncogenic genes coding thymidilase kinase or ribonucleotide reductase. Therefore, even tumourogenic agents can be used as oncolytic therapy by engineering their oncogenic gene components. 7. Novel oncolytic viruses 7.1. Adenovirus Adenovirus is interested in treatment of brain tumour especially in glioma multiforme. This tumour is never metastasized and contributed as single lesion. Moreover, it is almost resistance to systemic therapy because of blood-brain barrier and lack of cell mediated antigen drainage. However, fortunately, oncolytic viruses can replicate and spread within the tumour population since blood brain barrier create immune privileged site. In glioma cells, tumour suppressor gene (Rb) is inactivated and lack of expression. Taking this advantage, genetically modified adenoviruses are constructed by deletion of eight amino acids in Rb binding region of E1A protein. Therefore, they are unable to replicate in the normal cells because viruses cannot inactivate Rb gene of the functioning cells. But they can easily divide within the malignant cells owing to the lack of Rb protein. Additionally, adenoviruses induce autophagy in infected cells (malignant cells) through down-regulation of AKT/TOR pathwa y. Many genetically engineered adenoviruses are still on trials including in vitro and in vivo tests. ONYX-015 (dl1520) is a simple adenovirus lack of E1B 55K protein which do not replicate in the normal cells. So, they only express their functions in p53 mutant cells. In other word, their function does not work in p53 competent cells. Onyx-015 is a first oncolytic virus that has been approved by china FDA to treat the head and neck cancers especially refractory nasopharyngeal cancer combining with standard cisplatin based chemotherapy. Onyx-015 should be given intratumoural or peritumoural injection because of their side effects (e.g. flu-like syndrome). In addition, it showed 50% response rate observed in phase I and II clinical trials of pancreatic cancer. Recent studies found that Onyx-015 replication is not solely dependent on p53 function. Onyx-015 can replicate within some p53 competent cells whereas sometimes, cannot replicate even in mutant p53 cells. It may think to be reliable on E1B 55K independent nuclear late mRNA export of the tumour cells but not in functionally norma l cells. Besides, other co-founding effects should be considered. For example, increasing the temperature (fever, hyperthermia or drugs) promotes replication of E1B deficient adenovirus in the malignant cells rather than normal ones. dl250 mutant strain is engineered by deletion of E1B 19K which is homologue of Bcl-2 and also inhibits pro-apoptotic protein Bax. Functionally, Bcl-2 is the anti-apoptosis protein. Hence, deletion of E1B 19K leads to permit cell death in Bcl-2 over-expressed tumour cells. It may also reduce expression of anti-apoptosis proteins and various growth factors. This type of virus is more potent in anti-tumour activity than dl1520. Delta 24 (dl922-947) adenoviruses are genetically modifying agents which are deleted the gene related with virulence factors and upregulate the transcription elements sensitive to the transcription factors of tumour cells. E.g. Delta-24 is modified by deleting of 24 nucleotides (pRb binding region) in E1A gene so that it is unable to inactivate Rb gene in the normal cells. So, it can only effective in the malignant cells. Now, many studies promise that it has potent anti-tumor effect in glioma. E1A mutants are more superior in oncolysis than E1B strains in vivo and vitro. Besides, Delta-24 RGD is more efficient in treating the low CAR (coxsackie-adenovirus receptor) expression malignant cells such as glioma and bronchogenic carcinoma cells. 7.2. Herpes Simplex virus First herpes simplex virus (dlsptk) as an oncolytic agent is developed in 1991 that is deleted in thymine kinase (TK) genes required for nucleic acid metabolism. Lacking of this gene, Herpes Simplex virus (HSV) lose its ability of replication in the normal cells. Hence, HSV only prefer to infect the tumour cells. HSV is a primarily potential treatment in several paediatric cancers including brain tumours. So far, ÃŽ ³34.5 deleted HSV are tracking on the clinical trials. These all vectors directly target to the tumour cells by deletion of neurovirulant gene ÃŽ ³34.5 (30kb) which is not essential for replication of the malignant cells. G47Δ HSV virus is derived from G207 parent virus. They are constructed by deletion of both copies of ÃŽ ³34.5 gene (1kb) and deletion of 312bp in ICP47 gene increasing oncolyitc efficacy. Also, they promote MHC class I expression in the tumour cells enhancing the immunogenicity of these cells. G207 variant was completed phase I study in glioblastoma multiforme resulting with no serious side-effects. Similarly, HSV 1716 is a genetically engineered variant by manipulating HSV1 stain 17 and deleting both copies of neurovirulent gene, ÃŽ ³34.5. Pilot study has already completed in Metastatic melanoma. NV 1020 (R7020) stain is the chimeric recombinant of HSV 1 and 2 with deleting one copy of ÃŽ ³34.5 gene, UL24 and 56 genes. Originally, it is developed as HSV vaccination. However, recently, it is still ongoing phase II trial on hepatic metastases of colorectal cancer by direct infusion into the hepatic artery. OncoVEXTM is recombinant vector with deletion of ÃŽ ³34.5 gene as well as ICP47. Deletion of ÃŽ ³34.5 reduces intrinsic neuro-pathogenecity of HSV whereas ICP47 deletion restores MHC class I presentation. Additionally, insertion of GM-CSF gene stimulates immune response of the host to the tumour cells. Releasing of GM-CSF promotes recruitment of dendritic cells for tumour specific response. It promotes tumour specific antigen (TSA) expression as well. Thus, OncoVEXTM affects not only on local tumour but on metastases or distant tumours. Currently, OncoVEXTM improved loco-regional control of head and neck cancers combining with chemo-radiotherapy. Intralesional injection of OncoVEX GM-CSF is ongoing phase I trials on cutaneous metastases and melanomas although it has dose related limitation such as injection site inflammation. Another advantage is that it is able to carry large transgenes up to 150kb. It is the main advantage of these viruses using for oncolytic agent although they ma y produce neurotoxity at high doses, difficult cloning and reactivate latent herpes infection which are hidden in the nervous systems (Ganglions). 7.3. Newcastle disease virus Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is paramyxovirus containing single stranded RNA which causes Newcastle disease in avian (birds). Earliest NDV (73-T strain) has been started to use as a clinical trial oncolytic virus for cervical cancer in 1965. Based on their oncolytic properties, NDV is divided into lytic and non-lytic stains. Lytic strains direct lyses the targeted cells. Currently, 2 lytic strains of NDV are ongoing trials which are NDV-HUJ and PV701. Both are naturally occouring live attenuated viruses. As NDV-HUJ strain is a neurotropic virus, it applies in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Likewise, NDV-PV701 strain has effect on many types of tumours. Results of their trials have potential promising. One of the advantages of NDV is that it selectively replicates in the tumour cells, not on normal ones. When NDV has also studied in breast cancer patients neoadjuvant with chemotherapy, outcome was desirable with minimal adverse effects including fever, flu-like syndrome, hypotension etc. Occourance and severity of side effects is reduced in subsequent therapy due to development of NDV antibodies in patients serum. On the other hand, non-lytic strains disturb the malignant cell metabolisms leading to allow regression of the tumours. Common non-lytic strains include Ulster stain. NDV damages the malignant cells by either direct lysis of the cells, induction of cytokine production (Interferon, Tumour necrotic factor) or enhance apoptosis including both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. 72-T stain induces cytokine release while Ulster stain over-expresses the TRAIL receptors on tumour cells surface which may lead to apoptosis. 7.4. Mump virus and Simian virus Mump virus is the first paramyxovirus trying to treat in variety of human malignant cells. Vaccine strain 79 (S79) has potential promising oncolytic virus because S79 can only be infected to the cancer cells but not in normal ones. Studying in nude mice, mump virus demonstrated its tumour inhibition effect significantly. Simian virus is also a rubulavirus and among them, strain 5 can be genetically engineered as an oncolytic virus. This modified strain is able to attack several different cancer cell types significantly. 7.5. Vesicular stomatitis virus Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is only rhabdovirus potentially using in cancer therapy. VSV is a single stranded RNA virus considering for oncolytic therapy. Developing of the recombinant VSV virus in 1995, the role of VSV is amounting in virotherapy. In recent studies, genetically modified replication competent VSV prolonged survival of hapatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer and malignant melanoma. Oncolytic properties of VSV is more effective in type I interferon (IFN) resistance malignant cells. Tumour cells are defect in interferon (IFN) signaling pathways but activated in Ras -ERK pathway. However, VSV can also impact on the normal cells especially in high doses. Thus, early (prophylactic) interferon therapy is required concomitant with VSV virotherapy because interferon appears to prevent the viral replication within the normal cells. Using the advantage of replication within the interferon defect cells, recombinant VSV deltaM51 which is defective in M (matrix) protein (poin t mutation) was constructed. Matrix protein is the regulator protein that increases replication and transcription of the virus but blocks the host cells anti-viral mechanism. Studies showed that VSV deltaM51 strain has beneficial role in glioma cells xenografted nude mice. Furthermore, VSV shutdown the blood supply to the tumour leading to deprivation of oxygen and nutrients which may require for tumour growth. 7.6. Measles Measles as oncolytic therapy is more interesting since there was significant regression of Hodgkins lymphoma after infecting with measles virus. Resent study suggested that recombinant measles virus (Edmonston B strain) showed significant inhibition on xenograft SCID mice with human lymphoma cells. Next, Edmonston B stain specifically attracts CD 46 cell surface receptors that are highly expressed in human mesothelioma cells. Thus, this strain has highly attractive role in treatment of mesothelioma. In addition, engineered measles virus with interferon (IFN) ÃŽ ² gene inhibits tumour angiogenesis rather than parental strain. Despite most of the people previously encountered with measles infection or vaccination in their early life which may cause therapeutic failure, the evidence highlighted that replication of measles virus was taken place even in the immune individuals. It seems to be immunosuppression due to cancer itself or concurrent use of other anti-cancer therapies such as ra diotherapy, and (or) chemotherapy. 7.7. Poxvirus Vaccinia virus (VV) is the most potential candidate poxvirus utilized as virotherapy recently. This virus is genetically engineered by deletion of thymidine kinase genes like herpes simplex virus (HSV). For instance, JX-594 strain which is transfected with GM-CSF gene, displayed oncolytic activity in animal models. However, it may rarely affective in the normal cells. Most Vaccinia viruses kill the targeted malignant cells by apoptosis as well as traditional mechanisms. Myxoma virus, another poxvirus, is significantly effective on human glioma cancer cell lines. In addition, rapamycin (immunosuppressant) reinforced its oncolytic efficacy when using combination. 7.8. Togaviruses Togaviruses (Sindbis and Semliki Forest Virus) also show their potential roles in the oncolytic therapy. Sindbis virus (SIN) is an RNA virus that naturally infects human by mosquito bites. This virus binds with its receptors of 65kD (Laminin receptors) which are highly express on the tumor cells (tumour homing property). To take the advantage, Sindbis virus promotes considerably regression of the several tumor cell lines in vitro testing and xenograft SCID mice. In human study, it has promising effect on cervical and ovarian malignancies with minimal or no remarkable adverse effect on normal cells. Next, Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) may inoculate repeatedly without prominent immune response. Togaviruses favour as the oncolytic virotherapy agents due to their high replication rate, broad spectrum of host ranges, increase transgene expression and stable in blood stream. Apart from these viruses, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) is also a replication competent virus which is int eresting in certain circumstance of oncolytic therapy. 7.9. Retrovirus Gamma retrovirus (moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV)) may have effect on the tumour cells not in the non-dividing cells. So, it may safe as oncolysis. For instance, when U87 glioma xenografted nude mice were administrated with MoMLV, significant oncolytic result has been reported. These viruses are less effect on normal cells due to lack of nuclear transport of viral genome. Certainly, they cannot replicate well within non-dividing cells. In addition, modified MoMLV viruses expressing HSV thymidine kinase (TK) have synergistic effect on glioblastoma cells combining with ganciclovir (anti-viral agent for HSV). Another retrovirus such as fomy virus has also intrinsic oncolytic property. It is researched recently on glioma implanted nude mice. However, the result is still controversial.