Korean Wave Being South Korea’s Economic Growth Booster Essay

Korean Wave is the growing aspiration to know more about South Korean culture. South Korea itself is an export-orientated country with a total trade volume of 884.2 billion in 2010, which makes South Korea the 7th largest exporter and 10th largest importer in the world. The cultural sector is the second biggest contributor after technological sector to the South Korea’s economic growth. The goods produced by the cultural sector are brought by the Korean Wave not only to the Asian but also to the American and Western markets. Korean Wave does give big contribution to South Korean’s economy through movies, pop music, tourism, and traditional arts. When we think of Korean Wave, we should mainly think of Korean drama and film industries. For example, the Korean wave took an extra boost with the popular TV dramas like â€Å"Winter Sonata† and â€Å"Jewel Palace†. For film, we can take â€Å"Old Boy† and â€Å"Bin Jip† as examples, which were extremely popular, even in Europe. The fact that importing a Korean dramas is a lot cheaper than having to purchase it from any other country can be a reason as well as the emotionally powerful plots they have. Besides Korean movies, Korean pop music also deserves a place on the list of exported Korean culture. K-Pop or Korean Pop is a musical genre originating in South Korea consisting of pop, dance, electropop, hip hop, rock, R&B, and electronic music. Let’s say Super Junior, 2NE1, SNSD, Wonder Girls, Big Bang, 2PM, JYP, IU, and many more, who does not know them? In 2011, these groups and singers have donated 35 trillion rupiah to South Korea’s GDP. These idols have a big impact on their fans’ culture, including food, fashion, make-up trends, and even plastic surgery. Leading talent agencies such as S.M. Entertainment Co. and YG Entertainment said recent concerts held by Korean entertainers in the United States and Europe have shown the potential for growth in markets outside of Asia. Korean big business is trying to transform those fans into consumers of Korean products and services. Korean Wave is exposing the â€Å"beauty attracts† that both of their celebrities and the places used by their popular movies have. The locations of the Korean movies took place has become a main destination for tourists. These tourists are mostly the fans who are willing to collect all their savings and travel to Korea just to see the place where their favorite scene in their movie took place, or even to watch their idols on a live show. The filming location of †Full House† in Shido Island, â€Å"Jewel in the Palace† in Daejanggeum Theme Park, Winter Sonata in Nami Island, and so on. Another tourism spots that people aim to visit in Korea are â€Å"Locks of Love† in Namsan Tower, a historic pagoda-style gateway Namdaemun, and another shopping places like Myeong-dong shopping area and Busan market. South Korea is also well-known as a hot spot for medical tourism, the country is expanding its one-stop plastic surgery centers to deal with the influx of foreigners flying in for surgical procedures. The government’s goal is to attract one million foreign patients by 2020. Thus, interest in flying to Korea is rising, so is the national income. There are also some Korean traditional arts that interest foreigners to visit Korea. They are like Hanok, Jeongjae, Buchaechum, Nongok, and Taepyeongmu. Hanok is Korean traditional house, whereas Jeongjae , Buchaechum, Nongok, and Taepyeongmu are Korean tradional dances. And don’t forget the Korean ceramics and Korean pottery, that most of them are went to Japan The road to Korean Wave is trodden everyday by new visitors who are warmly welcomed by Korean people and fascinated by the culture. The drive to know more about Korea stimulates Korean Wave to develop into more sophisticated cultural forms, which in turn, brings Korean Wave to a higher level. With this Korean Wave showing the advanced condition of South Korea itself, another countries’ awareness to invest in South Korea increases.

Importance of Talking for Teachers and Childrens Learning

This survey will be based in C Infant School, a Leicester interior metropolis school. Most of the observations will come from a twelvemonth 2 category. This school is a really big baby school which is really culturally diverse, with huge differences in abilities amongst the kids. A Talk is considered to be important for larning, non merely for kids but for instructors also.A This assignment will be looking at the importance of talk for kids ‘s apprehension of the universe and besides the importance of talk for instructors to understand kids. This assignment will look at what different theoreticians have to state about the function of talk for acquisition and so expression at my survey and findings to see if there are any links to the literature.ALiterature ReviewThere is a scope of grounds carried out by research workers which look at talk for acquisition. Myhill et Al ( 2006 ) believes that the teacher- student talk enhances acquisition and kids learn by being asked inquiries by their instructors. Their survey focused on the issues environing oppugning kids and believed that this is the most important function of talk for acquisition. This survey was called the TALK undertaking and this undertaking looked into the different types of questioning.A The instructors who participated in the TALK undertaking saw oppugning to be more about scaffolding acquisition and non so much about commanding the lesson content. They felt that oppugning encouraged kids and allowed instructors to supervise what kids understood. It besides gave chances to kids to rehearse thoughts and develop their thought. The Talk undertaking showed that instructors use different types of oppugning schemes. The instructors cardinal positions on oppugning were that oppugning is a manner of affecting kids, unfastened inquiries are superior to closed inquiries, good inquiries are the tools of the trade for effectual instruction and the best inquiries facilitate acquisition and thought ( Myhill et al. , 2006 ) . Evidence from the TALK undertaking showed that a individual lesson might incorporate short explosions of factual oppugning to get down the session and so travel on to inquiring inquiries to look into apprehension. Types of oppugning differed depending on cont ent, context and age of kids. This undertaking showed that comparing one type of inquiry to another does non assist judge how appropriate or effectual the inquiry may be in relation to the context, but raised the inquiry that is factual oppugning overused? Besides, how instructors might utilize different types of oppugning that infusion more luxuriant, developed and thoughtful responses from kids. A Besides back uping Myhill et Al is Tough ( 1977b as cited from Moyles, 1989 ) . Tough stated that certain types of inquiring is indispensable to advance kids ‘s thought. A Agring with Tough ( 1977b as cited from Moyles, 1989 ) is Aschner ( 1961 as cited in Gall, 1970 ) who claimed that inquiring inquiries is one of the basic ways by which the instructor stimulates an person ‘s thought and learning.A Barnes ( 2008 ) nevertheless, found oppugning in learning a two manner procedure. He believed that in order to increase the usage of acquisition, kids should besides be oppugning their instructor every bit good as themselves. This sets thoughts in their heads which are more likely to hold a longer permanent consequence on their memories.A Wegerif and Dawes ( 2004 ) agreed that oppugning was a good beginning for increasing talk. They found students believing and acquisition was higher when it involved instructors promoting treatment after every inquiry. Mercer and Dawes ( 2008 ) believe that kids are encouraged to speak and hold more clip to believe about an reply before showing it. Scrimshaw ( 1997 ) argued that kids do non cognize how to transport on a treatment due to put land regulations ( in Mercer and Dawes, 2008 ) .A There has been research which illustrates that talk differs in conformity to the country of course of study being taught. In numeracy there is a greater opportunity of factual inquiries being asked, whereas in literacy there are more unfastened inquiries which can be asked. This is because numeracy consists of a set reply. Nonetheless, in 1999 the DfEE found that talk can be encouraged in acquiring kids to explicate how they reached their replies in numeracy ( Myhill et al, 2006 ) . Keogh and Naylor ( 2007 ) found the best manner of promoting talk in scientific discipline is through reasoning, discoursing and researching, ignoring land regulations. Furthermore, it is of import to hold land regulations for talk because this maintains societal order and the instructors ‘ duty to maintain talk â€Å" curriculum-relevant † ( Mercer and Dawes, 2008 ) .A Alexander ( 2008 ) believes effectual acquisition is achieved if instruction is linked to a kid ‘s society values and through forming relationships. Evidence on this research focused on talk for larning in different civilizations and their different results. Harmonizing to Alexander, ( 2008 ) talk is a ‘skill that the pupil acquires instead than something that pupils and instructors together do in order to larn ‘ . It was made clear in this survey that talk is non merely merely a conversation between two individuals but besides about human dealingss. Alexander ( 2008 ) suggests, if the relationship between instructor and pupils is excessively formal ( teacher bases and pupil listens ) this has an consequence on schoolroom talk. Whereas, if a instructor sits with the kids who are positioned in a manner they can see each other, perchance set uping tabular arraies in a â€Å" horseshoe or square form † so speak can be achieved more efficaciously. The kids are so able to listen to each other every bit good as think from their equals positions in relation to whole category acquisition. ( Alexander, 2008 ) A Piaget ( 1967 ) was a review of many other theoreticians working in this field nevertheless, he agreed with Alexander ( 2008 ) to some extent. He argued that although kids being straight involved with talk was of import it was non cardinal to his chief findings. A kid learns by detecting, absorbing and building thoughts about what they hear and visualise around them. This is more of a â€Å" constructive procedure † ( Mercer and Littleton, 2008 ) . He believed it is more effectual for kids to speak to each other in groups instead than an adult/teacher. This is due to experiencing a sense of similarity and equality amongst other kids, whereas, kids might experience threatened to discourse their positions with an authoritative/powerful figure such as an adult.A Doise at Al ( 1981 ) had similar findings which show group work being more effectual than single work. When kids come into contact with other kids with different positions this allows and encourages the kids to re-examine their ain initial thoughts. This can so take to possible acknowledgment of a higher order solution that resolves the struggle ( in Mercer and Littleton, 2008 ) . Furthermore, Geekie et Al ( 1999 ) found that every bit good as kids being straight involved with more knowing persons, these persons should move as function theoretical accounts. They should believe aloud when speaking to kids to assist heighten their acquisition ( in Waugh and Jolliffe, 2008 ) .A A A A A Although Vygotsky ( 1978 ) agreed on Piaget ‘s position of larning being a constructive procedure he gave more accent to societal interaction and acknowledged this as being the â€Å" nucleus development procedure † ( Mercer and Littleton, 2008 ) . His theory explained that all persons have a Zone of Proximal Development which describes the difference between what a kid can achieve and when their acquisition is supported and besides what they can achieve when larning independently. Harmonizing to Paiget talk for acquisition was more effectual during equal interaction between kids of a similar ZPD. However, Vygotsky argued that the interaction between the â€Å" more and less knowing † encouraged the function of speaking. ( Mercer and Littleton, 2008 ) .A A survey by Barnes ( 2008 ) found that the most of import facet of a kid ‘s ability to larn through talk is by building new thoughts in relation to what they already know. By â€Å" seeking out † new ways through talk frequently builds on kids ‘s apprehension of the universe ( Barnes, 2008 ) . This links to what Bruner ( 1961 ) believed which is kids learn through detecting things for themselves. Although Bruner thought active duologue is an of import portion of larning he focused more on the usage of memory. Children are able to get new cognition and understanding with the aid of old cognition stored in their memories. In order for kids to absorb information their acquisition should be simplified which they can retrieve and remember when obtaining new cognition. This is what Bruner referred to as the preservation of memory. Bruner believed the function of talk for acquisition was an of import dependent on kids ‘s handiness for linguistic communication used i n the schoolroom, which would subsequently make up one's mind on their preservation of memory.AMethods and procedureTo get down with I felt it was of import to detect how my wise man facilitates talk in the schoolroom in order for me to make the same. I decided to detect my wise man in both literacy and maths to see the different ways my wise man facilitated talk. Across two literacy Sessionss ( appendix 1 ) , my wise man asked the kids many unfastened inquiries, but alternatively of replying straight off they were told to ‘talk to your spouse†¦ ‘ to discourse what the possible replies could be. There was a batch of mated talk during the whole category debut which chiefly occurred after my wise man asked a inquiry. During the chief activity the kids were given inquiries to discourse and speak about and were informed to speak to their equals on their tabular array to discourse and portion their thoughts with each other. They were besides told that at the terminal my wise man would travel about and listen to what ideas each group has come up with to portion with the category as a whole. During the chief activity my wise man went around the little groups merely listening to treatments and merely intervened to widen their ideas and replies. Having observed those two Sessionss it was clear to see that my wise man facilitated talk a batch throughout the lessons, giving clip for kids to discourse thoughts and replies. This was done in many ways from discoursing inquiries and replies in braces, little groups and as a whole category. It is of import to state that talk was ever encouraged after inquiring a inquiry ( normally open ) . This was besides the instance in the two maths Sessionss I observed ( appendix 2 ) . My wise man asked inquiries which could merely hold one correct reply but still encouraged the kids to work with their spouses to work out the replies. Open inquiries were besides asked to see how kids work out the replies, ‘what do I necessitate to make? ‘ It was besides of import to detect my two focal point kids, Dylan and Dhrumil to see how they interact during mated talk, little group treatments and whole category treatments. While I was sharing a book with Dylan ( appendix 3 ) I found he tended to associate parts of the narrative to his personal experiences and talked a batch about his personal experiences. When I asked some closed inquiries Dylan would answer with a yes or no but ever extended the replies by stating me why. During an R.E session ( appendix 4 ) I asked the category a inquiry, ‘what is your particular topographic point? ‘ and each kid had to state me what their particular topographic point was. I found that Dhrumil answered with merely saying a topographic point and Dylan stated his particular topographic point and besides said why. After detecting both kids it became clear that although Dylan was able to reply inquiries and widen them by giving inside informations and saying why, Dhrumil would be given to give an reply without widening it. Therefore, this led me to inquire more unfastened inquiries or inquire farther inquiries in the lessons I planned and taught in order to larn more about him and his understanding. The observations of my wise man ‘s instruction and planning helped me to compose up my ain programs. Differentiated activities harmonizing to group abilities, doing lessons every bit active as possible and encouraging kids ‘s thought through oppugning were all taken into consideration. I wanted to seek easing more elaborate talk and treatments as this was more fruitful cognition to assist me understand the kid and their thought. As a consequence, I made certain I asked a batch of unfastened ended inquiries and ever asked inquiries to widen their thoughts and ideas. I decided to make this in the same method as my wise man, holding kids work in braces, groups and whole class. Although I did this for most Sessionss I decided to concentrate on easing talk during the maths Sessionss. I asked a batch of inquiries to happen out what they ab initio know ( appendix 5 ) , ‘how could we mensurate†¦ ? I asked inquiries to see what they understood ( appendix 6 and 7 ) , ‘what have you found out? Why have you put this object in this portion of the diagram? ‘ I asked many different types of inquiries during the maths Sessionss, as normally mathematical inquiries tend to hold one consecutive factual reply. I asked different types of inquiries as it would assist me understand what the kids already know, why they have done something, how they worked the reply out. It besides helps me to set up any misconceptions the kids may hold and assist me to place kids who have grasped a construct and those who may non hold. Furthermore it helps me to measure the kids ‘s cognition and apprehension and this information is important is this will steer me t o be after harmonizing to kids ‘s learning.Analysis and reading of evidenceAfter looking at different theoreticians ‘ stance on talk for acquisition and my ain findings, it is clear to see that oppugning plays a cardinal function in teachers/adults larning and apprehension of kids. This is apparent in two of my numeracy lesson ratings ( appendix 9 ) . In both these ratings it states how inquiring helped me to place kids who had troubles and kids who were more than able. It is besides apparent to see that oppugning plays a cardinal function in kids ‘s acquisition and apprehension ( appendix 10 ) . In this rating it states that oppugning helped develop the kids ‘s thoughts. Therefore, this links and supports Myhill et Al ‘s ( 2006 ) belief that the teacher- student talk enhances acquisition and kids learn by being asked inquiries by their instructors furthermore that oppugning kids is important in the function of talk for learning. To advance talk in the category I was based in, I made certain I asked inquiries which helped me understand what the kids have done, how they have done it and why. This is apparent in the maths and literacy Sessionss ( see appendix 5, 6, 7 and 8 ) . I asked different types of inquiries during the session, inquiries which required callback of the old Sessionss, inquiries to happen out what they thought and their ain positions, inquiries which required them to give sentiments and satiate why and inquiries to widen their thought. All these different types of inquiries were asked so I could understand the kids better. Learn more approximately them as persons and besides see them develop new thoughts. Once one kid gives a response to a inquiry it normally stimulated others to give their thoughts including new thoughts. This was good as it promoted originative thought, therefore associating with Aschner ( 1961 as cited in Gall, 1970 ) , who claimed that inquiring inquiries is one of the ba sic ways by which the instructor stimulates an person ‘s thought and learning. Furthermore, as these were normally unfastened inquiries the kids had the freedom to state what they wanted without the fright of giving a incorrect reply. Normally when kids are asked inquiries which require consecutive replies, I found that in some instances they would either be loath to reply, which could propose fright of being incorrect or they would merely take random conjectures. This so links in good with many of the theoreticians, Tough ( 1977 as cited from Moyles, 1989 ) who said about certain types of oppugning being indispensable for kids ‘s acquisition. It was of import to advance talk to measure and measure them as persons and besides program for patterned advance. Although unfastened inquiries were utile in acquiring a scope of different thoughts and replies, sometimes I needed to inquire inquiries which required a right reply, so a specific reply. This was the instance in certain maths Sessionss ( appendix 5 and 6 ) . Asking closed inquiries helped me understand if the kids understood or knew the reply. If an incorrect reply was given I found inquiring how they worked the reply out helped in placing if their methods were wrong which in bend resulted in the incorrect reply or if their methods were right but the reply was wrong due to small errors and mistakes. Therefore inquiring both opened and closed inquiries are really of import as it would merely do me more cognizant of what the kid understands, what they are fighting with, what misconceptions they have and overall assist me understand the kid. Therefore, besides ensuing in m e reflecting on my ain pattern excessively see what I may be making incorrect, what other schemes I could utilize to assist persons, how I can widen their acquisition and so on. Thus, back uping Myhill et Al ‘s ( 2006 ) findings from the TALK undertaking how instructors might utilize different types of oppugning that infusion more luxuriant, developed and thoughtful responses from children. Furthermore grounds obtained from observations of my wise mans oppugning manner ( appendix 1 and 2 ) , promoting talk and treatment after every inquiry, supports Wegerif and Dawes ( 2004 ) that oppugning is a good beginning for increasing talk and that pupils believing and acquisition is higher when it involved instructors promoting treatment after every question. After looking at my grounds most of them relate to the thought of oppugning being a cardinal point in talk for acquisition. This is besides apparent in my literature reappraisal. Questioning is seen to be important for kids ‘s acquisition, understanding and believing besides oppugning is important for adults/teachers to understand children.Conclusion ( a )The chief findings from all the research surveies are that most of the theoreticians believe that acquisition is an active procedure, through interaction with equals and grownups. Underliing all their theories and schemes is talk, as talk is required for interaction. Most of the research I looked at stated oppugning to be the most important factor in talk for larning. Most significantly instructors ‘ demand to see the type of inquiries they ask, inquiries which will non merely promote talk but aid instructors understand kids. To reason I found that talk does assist kids ‘s acquisition, understanding and believing. This is through oppugning and interaction between others. What makes it more effectual is varied oppugning and guided or supported interaction. I have learned that factual inquiries are merely every bit good as unfastened inquiries, but they are merely effectual when used in the right contexts, for the right content and for the right ages. However, it is most likely to be more effectual when a assortment of inquiries are asked in a individual lesson. This would profit me and others as I will be doing certain to inquire varied inquiries to assist me develop as a instructor and aid develop kids ‘s acquisition also.Conclusion ( B )I found that talk is important for kids ‘s acquisition as hearing others positions and thoughts helps boom their ain positions and thoughts. But most significantly I found that instructors need to advance talk more by the types of inquiries they ask. I found that inquiring different types of inquiry non merely helps me as a instructor but the kids besides. It helps me understand what the kids know, their old cognition and besides how that cognition has grown over clip. It helps me assess k ids ‘s cognition of topics, makes it more seeable to see which kids are fighting and which are progressing ; hence, it makes me more cognizant of what I need to make in order to assist persons to travel them frontward. Before I conducted this survey I held the belief that kids speaking was of import for us as instructors to cognize what they understand but did non see the importance of instructors speaking every bit good, but most significantly instructors supplying the chance for talk. But after holding looked at other research and holding experienced it myself I believe that in order for kids to speak instructors need to supply the chance for talk particularly after oppugning, giving kids clip to discourse and develop thoughts, whether this is in braces, little groups or as a whole class.

Climate Change Awareness Begins with Me

â€Å"Climate Change Awareness Begins With Me† TGTAI CONCEPT PAPER Goal: To encourage youth to engage in interactive learning on Global Warming & Climate Change which may be translated into education outreach in their specific communities and/or organizations. Objectives: 1. To encourage youth from youth organizations, schools and communities to learn/learn more about global warming and Climate Change concepts (Think Green) and engage in simple Green Solutions at the individual/community level. 2. To assist young people in understanding the Commonwealth initiative as it pertains to Education for Sustainable Development. 3. To provide opportunities for experiential learning on the environment through nature appreciation, work group activities and other interactive knowledge elements. 4. To assist youth in developing their critical thinking skills. Problem Statement The long-term alteration in global weather patterns, especially increases in temperature and storm activity, and the potential of sea-level rise, will have a detrimental impact on Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Like all countries of the world, Trinidad and Tobago will need to play its part in decreasing its carbon emissions and encouraging its population to: â€Å"Think Green, Then Act to Impact (TGTAI). † Additionally, there is an urgent need to address the gap between information-on-the- street and knowledge leading to action at the micro-levels in communities. In a preliminary baseline survey conducted by TGTAI’s volunteers, on conceptual knowledge of Global Warming & Climate Change, 77% of the persons surveyed either did not know what was global warming this included mistaking the circumstance of ozone layer depletion for global warming. Among this group, the youth also had difficulty expressing these concepts. Presently there is no collective ESD initiative which provides opportunities for youth to learn through a learning environment that is more natural, to learn basic concepts associated with global warming and climate change, while enabling them with opportunities to engage at individual level, simple energy-saving and conservation activities within their home/school units. Additionally very little exposure has been provided for youth to engage in understanding the role of the Commonwealth in supporting ESD initiatives among local youth. Project Description â€Å"Climate Change Awareness Begins With Me† is a One-Day highly interactive ESD Collaboration which seeks to jointly engage youth in exposure to (and in some instances), concretizing their Global Warming/Climate Change knowledge. Youth will be engaged in four (3) ESD learning areas/modules: ? Nature and Ecosystem Appreciation ? Global Warming & Climate Change Commonwealth & ESD Initiatives ? Green Solutions 1. Nature and Ecosystem Appreciation Participants will learn about overall environmental awareness by encouraging learning in a natural setting with opportunities provided to interact and learn from nature, a trail experience and interaction with wildlife elements. This preliminary intervention will hopefully help the young people to gain a deeper appreciation of the importance of existi ng ecosystems and to see themselves also playing a responsible role in their conservation/protection. . Global Warming & Climate Change Participants will learn basic global warming and climate change concepts and will be able to demonstrate linkages between anthropogenic (man-made) activities and their emerging/existing impact on human well-being and the natural environment. 3. Commonwealth & ESD Initiatives Participants will learn the structure of the Commonwealth, to determine its benefits and to understand the existing/emerging role of the Commonwealth for ESD Initiatives. 4. Green Solutions Participants will develop and be exposed to simple Green Solutions that they can individually carry out in their homes while transmitting knowledge in various ways for others in the home/school/community to do same. Project Methodology: The Lead Youth Agencies who will engage in Pre-implementation work/activities: ? Commonwealth RYC Trinidad and Tobago. ? Junior Environmentalists of Trinidad and Tobago (JETT) and its TGTAI Volunteers. Key Project Elements: ? Use of Interactive Think Green Workshops in a Natural Setting. Use of Visual Stimulation through Trail/Nature Experiences To Encourage Nature Appreciation. ? Provision of Problem-Solving Opportunities for Participants to Engage in Critical-thinking and Real-life Application. ? Encouraging by Facilitators of Youth Capacity to Create and Adopt a Green Charter. These elements will be achieved by the following strategic partnerships: Asa Wright Nature Centre: Nature/Eco-system Appreciation Youth Facilitators: ? Junior Environmentalis ts of Trinidad and Tobago (Environmental Advocacy and Green Solutions) ? Commonwealth Youth Programme (Commonwealth RYC, ESD Initiative) Environmental State Agencies: ? Environmental Management Authority (PowerPoint Presentation on Global Warming & Climate Change: Concepts and Social Impacts) ? Forestry Division (Environmental/Wildlife Conservation Issues Related to Climate Change and Human Impacts) ? Institute of Marine Affairs (Marine Ecosystem Challenges Related to Climate Change) ? WITT (Water Challenges Related to Climate Change) Recommended Venue which meets all project requirements: ? Asa Wright Nature Centre (East Trinidad) Alternate Locations: ? Pointe-a-Pierre Wildfowl Trust, ? La Vega Estate (Central Trinidad) ? Emperor Valley Zoo/Botanical Gardens Target Group: 30 youth (aged 14-24), from the East-West Corridor (20 students;10 youth from youth organizations); Project Timeline: Project Start date: March 18th (pre-implementation activities) and End Date: April 10th 2008 (One-Day Interactive ESD Learning Experience). Expected Outcomes: . 30 Youth from the East-West Corridor exposed to Global Warming & Climate Change Concepts and Related Issues. 2. 30 Youth exposed to information on the Commonwealth and its role in emerging/existing ESD initiatives for their benefit. 3. 30 Youth exposed to critical thinking skills, through experiential learning and interactivity with and among a healthy, thriving ecosystem. 4. 3000 Youth Exposed to Green Solutions. 5. Creation of a Youth-oriented Green Declaration for furt her ratification among youth. Project Sustainability: Each Participant will also receive 100 Green Solutions which they will be encouraged to disseminate among their peers, families and communities. Participants will also have the opportunity to create and adopt a Green Declaration, which symbolizes their commitment to educate and act on in their own spheres of influence, their peers, families and communities on Global Warming & Climate Change towards a low carbon emission. This will include acquiring a goal of 5,000 signatures for the Green Declaration, an indication of the young individual’s willingness to support through daily commitments, Environmental Education and environmentally-friendly activities as laid out in the Green Declaration. Evaluation & Monitoring 1. Feedback from Participants (an evaluation questionnaire). 2. Evaluation Meetings by Project Team. Bibliography: JETT TRAINING MANUAL, 2004. TGTAI BASELINE SURVEY, 2008

Corporate Social Responsibility and Ethics Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility and Ethics - Essay Example The people and neighbours nearby the plant were in great dilemma. The Corporation blamed the Indian workers and managers for such incident. Various cases were filed against the corporation and the chairman at Indian courts (Browning, 1993). In this paper, a study has been conducted based on the Bhopal gas leak disaster. One of the prime objectives of the paper will be to analyse the role of the former chairman of Union Carbide Corporation, Mr. Anderson regarding his fault in the dreadful explosion of MIC from the plant. The paper also deals with the stakeholder theory and corporate citizenship of the plant administered by Union Carbide in Bhopal, India. Furthermore, the paper will discuss about whether the corporation was successful or failed in their responsibility towards society. The stakeholder theory of the Corporation will also be highlighted by referring to the theoretical framework. 2.0 Is Anderson to blame at all for this accident? Union Carbide Corporation’s parent c ompany Dow Chemical Company is one of the biggest producers of chemical in the United States. The corporation is operating in various countries throughout the world. The plant had started its operation in Bhopal in the year 1969 with $25 million manufacturing facility. The plant was named as Union Carbide of India, Ltd (UCIL). Since its headquarters is in the US, technical and financial operations of the plant were performed in the US. Government of India also owned a certain part of the plant. Due to the incident of Bhopal disaster in 1986 as well as pressure from the US judges, the corporation approved to pay $425 million for the victims of the incident. Later the Union Carbide changed their opinion towards the victims. Mr. Warren Anderson, who was the chairman of the corporation, visited India after such incident and said everything would be done for the victims of Bhopal tragedy. He offered $1million for such dreadful disaster and to build hospital, orphanage as well as vocation al schools (Gupta, 2002). The incident was caused since proper safety measures were not adopted in the plant. The chairman was responsible to manage all the operations but he did not conduct them properly. The Carbide engineers were involved in the final design as well as construction of the plant. Due to possible limitation in the designing of plant such incident had occurred. There was inadequacy from the Union Carbide Corporation in safety measures, deficient in cooling facilities, defective alarm systems, poor maintenance and storage of excessive amounts of toxic materials. However, the corporation was not willing to admit their shortcomings and were rather blaming the workers for such damage. Various homicide charges were also filed against the top nine officers of the Corporation besides Chairman Anderson. In the US, the corporation had installed all the safety measures for the individuals working there. However, in one of the third world country, i.e. in India, Union Carbide did not adopt adequate safety measures for the workers in the plant (Browning, 1993). The deadly Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) was imported to India from the US in order to stimulate foreign direct investment. From that period onwards, the Bhopal plant

Learning outcomes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Learning outcomes - Essay Example Link lifestyle and what is happening) In a decade’s time (1991-2001), the diagnosis of self-reported diabetes increased 61% in the US (Mokdad et al, 2003) including a startling increase from 1990 to 1998 among people in their 30s (Mokdad et al, 2000). Accounting for roughly 95% of all diabetes, type 2 diabetes is associated with obesity and weight gain (Mokdad et al, 2001), which is also increased over the same time period. One projection is that the 11 million residents that have been diagnosed with diabetes will increase to 29 million in 2050 (Boyle et al, 2001). The escalating prevalence of type 2 diabetes portends serious consequences for the quality of life of those affected and their families and communities. To stem the rising tide of diabetes, public health policies need to move upstream toward prevention or at least delay in the onset of type 2 diabetes. A number of scientific studies offer scientific evidence and new hope for curtailing the epidemic of type 2 diabetes with support for intensive lifestyle modification and modest weight loss as effective interventions among adults at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes (Diabetes Program Research Group, n.d.; Pan et al, 1997; Tuomilchto et al, 2001). The transitional state in the natural history of diabetes when impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), impaired fasting glucose, or both are present has recently become known as â€Å"pre-diabetes† which affects 12 million overweight Americans between the aged 45-74 years (Benjamin et al, 2003), also raising their risk for cardiovascular disease (American Diabetes Association, 2002). Detection of pre-diabetes is not a goal for most diabetes screening programs (Rolka et al, 2001), but the lengthy development period diabetes, coupled with the potential to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes, offers an opportunity for multifaceted prevention efforts. Distinct preventive medicine strategies have been presented by Rose (1985) as follows: 1) the

World word II concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

World word II concepts - Essay Example In 1942-43, however, the U.S. Army Air Force went to war following a daylight precision bombing doctrine, then drifted toward area bombing, culminating in the Dresden raid and the firebombing of Japan. Conceding that "ethical restraints were not the most important limitation on terror bombing," Crane argues that their influence-amid doctrines, command pressures, and public attitudes--"cannot be completely discounted" (p. 8), and relies on official reports and statements to survey the range of views of strategic bombing among the senior airmen. USAAF trial night bombing missions are not noted, nor are such shaping forces as pacifist lobbying, the Army Industrial College, the Geneva air talks, the Nye Hearings, many, many boards and committees, and the Color/Rainbow War Plans. Nor will many students of propaganda agree that serious concern for public opinion in war-waging dates from the American Civil War. Much of the genealogy of RAF area-bombing lies out of view, from the Independent Air Force in World War I and interwar Air Staff processes, through various Bomber Command chiefs frustrations, the area-bombing scheme of Lindemann, Churchills science advisor, to the August 1942 Moscow Conference, when Churchill promised Stalin to bomb German cities in lieu of a "Second Front." However bellicose in style and rhetoric, Bomber Command chief Air Marshal Sir Arthur "Bert" Harris, was heir to that momentum. Whatever his influence was on Americans, especially on LeMay, the latter is cast as a kind of air-age Cromwell, and his considerable organizing and leadership skills are muted. After speculating how Nimitz or MacArthur might have reined in LeMay, Crane judges the twenty-first Bomber Command "more efficient" than the RAF Bomber Command, which is perplexing since their respective milieux varied widely, in duration, technologies, and distances. Whatever its debits, Cranes study is well worth reading. It describes how

Global Communication Systems Referring to Walmart Assignment

Global Communication Systems Referring to Walmart - Assignment Example Croasdell et al., states that Walmart’s core goal is the provision of consumer goods at the lower process than their competitors, which it has managed to accomplish largely due to embracing technology. Technology has enabled Walmart to be a leading innovator in the retail industry. Global communication systems can be used to improve services offered by many departments of the company, ranging from customer service, distribution, management and sales (Croasdell et al., 2003). At Walmart, executives have adopted a communication system to enable them to supervise auxiliary staff in thousands of stores. Oral communication had been the norm at Walmart for many years, but with the globalization of the company and an increase in the number of stores, the need for adopting global communication systems was a necessity. It, therefore, led to the development of the six-channel satellite system, which is an integrated satellite communication network for easier communication between executives and lower level managers and employees. The features of the system include a video transmission network that is one way and a two-way data and voice system that allows the head office to relay information to Walmart stores all over the world. This global communication system is used for a variety of functions such as allowing management to oversee stores on a global front and even boosting staff morale to increase their sales. The main objective of this set up is to allow communication between the stores via an integrated satellite link that is voice and video enabled. The system allows for communication among Walmart stores and between the stores with the head office. According to Hollenbeck et al., the system has been instrumental in accessing customer reviews on their products and thus, enabling the head office to develop products that are up to the standards desired by customers all over the world. Additionally, the system has improved communication between top-tier management and staff in distant Walmart stores and essentially saving time and money. As a result, Walmart has been able to improve its efficiency levels through managing human capital appropriately.

Starbucks Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Starbucks - Case Study Example The first Starbucks store was established in the 1971 in Seattle by three friends Jerry Baldwin, Gordon Bowker and Zev Siegl. These three individuals were high school teachers of English and History. They got their inspiration to open their own coffee shop from a Dutch business man named Alfred Peet (Coffee, 2014). The Starbucks as we know today is quite different from what it was during the time of its inception. At first the store only sold raw coffee beans and coffee machines and equipments, which changed over a decade as the company also started to sell coffee drinks. A decade later the company appointed Howard Schultz as the head of retail operations. He was overwhelmed by the idea of espresso bars in Italy and asked the owners to apply the concept of coffee house in Seattle. This experiment was quite successful and it marked the beginning of the famous Starbucks coffee beverages. Howard found a company named Il Giornale, which later on acquired Starbucks (Starbucks, 2011). The acquisition of Starbuck was financially supported by a lot of local investors and the name of the company was officially changed to Starbuck Corporation. The company decided to make geographical diversification and opened up stores in Vancouver and Chicago. By 1987, the total number of Starbucks outlet was 17, which increased to 55 by 1989 and 84 in the next year. In the year 1992, the company went public and it was able to expand its business from the $27 million gathered from the stock prices (Grant, 2013).

Internet Marketing College Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Internet Marketing College - Article Example The Internet is a global network for many networks connecting millions and millions of computers together. Today, the internet has become an integral part of business, of our environment, and even of our personal life. The article speaks about marketing in the internet environment and ways to improve internet marketing during peak seasons of sales in a world of competitive environment where everybody would want to lead the race. As this is the festive season, most of the shopping for the season has already started and consumers would like to order gifts online due to the ease of shopping and at the same lack of time to go out and do shopping in the real world. In such a scenario, most of the online shopping website owners would start dressing up their web pages in the most attractive way to attract the maximum number of customers. Internet marketing, if properly exploited can be an effective marketing tool. Strategies which suit the e-business environment need to be framed and implemented. As stated in the article, in order to increase web traffic online marketers need to change the presentation of their website on par with other competitors. Instead of using the traditional methods of designing the home page of the website, they need to innovative in their approach. They also need to introduce special offers like free shipping, combo products, bog off sales etc. Such attempts will definitely help increase we traffic. E-business can create value for organizations if they continuously use new technology to improve their marketing system and if customer expectations are continuously met. The Internet can be used to build long-term relationships with customers. With the evolution of the Internet, the customer today has become more knowledgeable. Companies must recognize the fact that most consumers can compare prices of products from various companies within minutes on the Internet. Therefore, the companies can either compete on price or convince the user of superior quality, but under all circumstances, they must aim to deliver what they promise. Search Engine Optimization (SEO) of the website is the first thing that is to be done in order to get more traffic to the website. It is not a kind of rocket science to advance search engine optimization. However, it is not something which can be achieved just by repeating key words or key phrases constantly. An optimum balance is required in order to achieve the optimization. A major advantage of free or paid submission of websites to search engines is available these days. Websites or blogs can be submitted to search engines. Marking the presence into as many possible search engines is always better. This helps to get noticed by the maximum number of visitors as possible in various search engines. The higher one gets noticed, the higher is the scope of increased traffic. Taking advantage of the social media websites is another method of attracting customers which in turn may lead to increased sales. With the advent of Information Technology over the recent past, the way online business is developing has drastically changed. Currently, many internet marketers have started using social media as one of their important marketing tools in order to promote their online businesses in competition with other players in the e-market. The efforts of online marketing not only influence the service quality and the quality of the product but

Compare between Russia and America in Economic Essay - 1

Compare between Russia and America in Economic - Essay Example Apparently, with the advancement and reform in the environmental domain, nations’ were engaged in providing effective means of production and distribution to earn high competitive advantages. Thus, overall the concept of economic elaborates the process through which, the nation produces and distributes goods and/or services in a community for its all round development. Moreover, economics is identified as a widely extended concept, which is further sub-divided into different aspects including micro and macroeconomics. It is these distinctions made through the economic behavior of a country that indicates the underlying causes of why a nation performs better than the other or vice-versa (Stanford, â€Å"Economics for Everyone: On-Line Glossary of Terms & Concepts†). These underpinnings of economic assumptions can be better understood through the comparison of two economies, as is intended for this study. The two economies considered herewith are the American and the Russian economies. America, as an economic power, is often regarded one of the most technologically powerful nations, hosting a strong foundation of private businesses. Its skilled labor pool has also been one of the key drivers of its growth. Besides, the businesses in the US hold high level of flexibility in taking the key decisions concerning sustainable growth, which has further contributed towards the overall strengths of the economy (OECD, â€Å"OECD Economic Surveys: Russian Federation†; â€Å"OECD Economic Surveys: United States†). On the other hand, Russian economy had to undergo significant changes and reforms following the collapse of Soviet Union that in turn helped the economy become intensively market based. The reforms Russia had to witness during the ea rly 90’s of privatization have led to significant alterations in its economic model overall (OECD, â€Å"OECD

Childrens Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Childrens Literature - Essay Example On the contrary, a book that would be inappropriate in this regard is The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger (even though it is a personal favorite). In order to be an emotionally secure grown-up, it is important for the child to understand the meaning and relevance of social-emotional skills, the art of coping with challenges and themes such as friendship, empathy and having fun. Interestingly, the themes and motifs of Black Beauty, an autobiographical memoir of a horse named Black Beauty, do just that. Following are few illustrations of how Black Beauty encourages them while The Catcher in the Rye discourages: 1. Friendship: The book endorses the theme of friendship and its importance in life, all across the book. In the course of his life, Black Beauty develops admiration and deep friendship with fellow horses and his owners and appreciates the true meaning of friendship and importance of sharing experiences with friends. The protagonist in The Catcher in the Rye, is however an i ntrovert and thinks of friends as pretentious fellows. 2. Feelings: Even though both books dwell upon feelings of the individuals (or horses), feelings that kids learn in Black Beauty are positive such as developing compassion, kindness, sympathy, differentiating between good and bad, adventures of growing up, loyalty and mutual respect (foundations of healthy social interactions).

The Interaction Between Europeans and Native Americans Essay Example for Free

The Interaction Between Europeans and Native Americans Essay The colonization of America by Europeans resulted in the demand for a sea route to India, which was the source of silk and spices, products that had a high commercial value in the Old Continent. While sailing westward, Europeans intersected with the first habitants of New World, the Native Americans. Between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries, Native Americans saw their populations devastated by the loss of their land and animals, from diseases and war. The first Native American group encountered by Christopher Columbus was enslaved. Europeans also brought with them diseases to which Native Americans had no immunity. The fusion of Native Americans and Europeans during the years of settlement was also marked by the differences between their concepts of religion, gender relation, land possession, and freedom. Religion and beliefs of Native Americans were based on nature. They organized religious ceremonies around hunting and farming. Spiritual power was an important concept among this group of people. For Indians, everything was merely connected by a spiritual power such as the wind, water, animals and trees. In addition, they used to elaborate religious ceremonies which helped to define the leaders of the tribe. Native Americans definitely had an extremely strong spiritual belief. Contrasting to Indians, Europeans were skeptics about this intense spiritual religion. Although settlers admired the strong beliefs of Indians upon nature, they concluded that Indians had to be converted to the true religion, the Christian. Moreover, settlers used to follow a hierarchy system with God above everyone.. For settlers, religion meant to leave the life of sin to embrace the teaching of Christ. In most of the Indian communities, the gender connections were also not similar to the Europeans. The family decided how the women’s lives would be by creating a premarital sexual relation with their husbands. Divorce was also acceptable. Nevertheless, the children always became a member of the mother’s family. Moreover, Indians men could have only one wife and they could never marry their close relatives. In contrast, under the European rules of marriage, there wasn’t a pre decided marriage like in Native American’s life. The power was mostly centered in the hands of the men who were also the property controllers. Women were not considered independent. Indians had a respectful vision of land. Families were allowed to use the land, which didn’t mean that this family would actually own the land. They were aware that land is essential to economic benefit. On the other hand, for Europeans land was not just a place to extract natural resources, but also recompense, perhaps a symbol of the ambition of the voyage overseas. The land was divided according to the hierarchy structure Freedom seemed to be naturally a part of Indian life. Native Americans weren’t interested in living their lives under a government of rules; everyone was treated the same way. They had their own concept of freedom. Perhaps Native Americans concepts of freedom were based on the right of hunting, farming and making ceremonies. Unlike Indians, settlers lived under some rules established by a government. However, Europeans’ based their freedom according to the hierarchy system, liberty came from knowing one’s social place and accomplishing the duties appropriate to one’s rank. Their concepts of freedom meant an enjoyment of different rights and privileges available to a minority. Freedom meant formal, specific privileges such as exemption from taxation, self-government, the right to trade, royal decree or purchase. In conclusion, the intersection between Native Americans and Europeans during the years of settlement was a unique moment in the history of human being remarkable by the unawareness of cultures between two groups of people from distinguished continents. Settlers left their continent in order to enhance their power by exploring new lands. Their destination wasn’t exactly where they were looking for. However, they found a New World habituated by wild people that had uncommon customs. A revolutionary moment in human’s history was getting started.

Significance Of The Representation Of The City English Literature Essay

Significance Of The Representation Of The City English Literature Essay In this essay I will be discussing three very diverse texts which will allow me to bring into light a various number of views and interpretations of the city. I will be focusing on D. H. Lawrences Women in Love, T. S Eliots The Waste Land, and finally Virginnia Woolfs Mrs Dalloway. All texts will help me come across the different insights, views and personal feelings towards the city the authors felt. Many of these authors develop their ideas and emphasise on the affects of the city through their characterization, this essay will further help me develop the representation of the city and look into it in more detail. I will focus on a number of areas such as characters, settings, thoughts and views in the texts in order to gain an answer as to what the significance of the representation of the city may in fact be in connection to its authors. As we read on through the poem, Eliot continues to present the Waste Land as a very complex poem; it tackles and confronts a variety of contradictory ideas and understandings. The intended meaning of the poem may come across as something different to both critics and readers; it can in effect be seen as a text that can have a variety of meanings and can be interpreted by anyone in their own ways. The text can be seen as being interpreted through the person and society, or can also be interpreted on a personal note where Eliot may seek to reveal his own feelings and intentions as to why he wrote the poem. The main theme of the poem can be distinguished through the way in which Eliot portrays modern life as a Waste Land. He supports this theme by showing what was wrong with society in the early twentieth century. He demonstrates the lack of faith in the poem through a number of ways; he puts into words the weakness of society by presenting a certain lack of faith, lack of communication , and corruption of life, alcohol and sex. At one point he shows one of the characters saying I can connect nothing with nothing.  [4]  This indicates the character having no faith or confidence in them self; there seems to be no connections and no meanings to her life, it seems to come across as though her life is just a waste. In the text Eliot speaks about the crowdedness of the city many of times. The Unreal city, Under the brown fog of a winter dawn, A crowd flowed over London Bridge, so many, I had not thought death had undone so manyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The fast paced text conveys allusions which create a sense of crowding in the city. London is depicted as a very busy city, a place where something is always happening; it is illustrated as being different in contrast to what you would experience in the countryside. The Waste Land creates an unattractive image of London, we feel appalled by the amount of industrialization taking place as the surroundings are described as being encircled by the brown fog. The depiction of the industrialized city can become so shocking and brutal that it can in some ways be seen as a character. Furthermore The Waste Land conveys several distinct images that help to present a deeper meaning to the text. As we read through the poem, we come across the lines Sweet Thames, run softly, till I end my song.  [5]  This sentence conveys a feeling of sadness and obscurity. This frame of mind is related to the lines that follow which talk about death and sorrow, the mood of the text comes across as very dark and threatening. One of the main points seems to come into light through the portrayal of the River Thames. This river can be seen as symbolising death, it is like a bridge which the dead spirits need to cross over in order to face death. By saying that this person wants the river to run softly before the song ends indicates that this character is near death, and after his story has been said, he will be ready to accept it. Death in itself is a very dark topic in relation to the title of the poem; this passage can be seen as linking the time and the place together before death . The place is shown not to exist in the living world or the dead; it is conveyed as being something which is in between. This area can be seen in many ways as a Waste Land just as the poems title suggests. The Waste Land can be linked to many things in this poem, in this case it can be where the river Thames lays, a place where the living and the dead do not inhabit. The imagery bought across in these lines is very effective in relation to the mood and themes they set in the poem. They give the mood of sadness and mourning which gives deeper meaning to the rest of the text. All the way through the preceding lines after the Sweet Thames, there is a sad mood which flows in the course of the text. As the readers read on in The Waste Land, they get a feeling which indicates that even if they were to read something happy and cheerful in the poem it would still have a dark effect. The imagery of death, sorrow, sadness and gloom is very effective in this case as it allows the poem to set a feeling for the rest of the text. In the Waste Land à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the images and symbols fall broadly into two categories-firstly, images drawn from myth and religion, and secondly, images taken from the common aspects of urban life.  [6]   The modern city in contemporary literature is shown to be very complex in the 20th century. Within literature there are a number of writers who move towards the physical reality of the modern urban life and surroundings; Virginnia Woolf in many ways is a good example of this. In her novel Mrs. Dalloway, we are presented with the citys obscure feelings that link the perception of the two main protagonists together. The characters Woolf looks at are the the centre of life itself  [7]  . On the contrary, D.H. Lawrence has been the most provocative of modernist authors  [8]  , he shows his own understanding of the city as a place of desolation and division. His text Women in Love illustrates London as a corrupted city which is populated by outward characters who can only find their pleasure and happiness in sex, drinking and taking part in criminal activities. Both of these modernistic texts allow us as the readers to identify the different representations of urban life in a chan ging city; we are presented with images of the actual London and the illusory London. Both of these texts can in many ways portray similar themes, feelings and ideas towards the city which The Waste Land has previously been seen to do in this essay. In addition Mrs Dalloway and Septimus are characters in Woolfs novel who capture the passing moments of their lives in a city. Both of these characters are shown to be walking through the city and feeling the liveliness of London. Their responses to the same city symbols vary from one another. Septimus Smith says everything had come to a standstill  [9]  whereas Mrs Dalloway shows us she is amused by the noise and high energy of the city life. The opposing reflections both of these characters present show how their everyday city-occurrences result in a contradictory presentation of the city life; it offers an accurate sense of reality within this way of life. We can see this being present in the novel as Woolf uses free indirect speech. Her form of expression is a good linguistic technique in the novel; it acts as a verbal counterpart to the mental moments of uncertainty within the reality of urban life. In this sense, the contrasting reflections on the same incidents and Woolfs new form of expression result in an overlapping of the characters consciousnesses which at the same time link to images presented in the novel. In D.H Lawrences work on the other hand, traditional language is not enough to show his understanding and feelings towards modernity. The city is illustrated as a complex, and socially diverse place, the new forms of expression are essential in order to work in opposition to the growing sense of isolation. Lawrence is shown to be using repetition in his work in order to bring across the crowdedness and light-headedness of the atmosphere in the city. Birkin says I always feel so doomed when the train is running into London. I feel such despair, so hopeless, as if it were the end of the world.  [10]  The diction Lawrence chooses to use is very interesting to look at, he uses hopeless in different contexts and repeats himself in order to bring across Birkins emotions towards the city. We can say that the actual meaning of the diction he dec ides to use may in fact change and be a connection to the modern city and environment where it bears a resemblance to the new time of order and effectiveness. The characters in Women in Love are shown to undergo different experiences and feelings in relation to the modern city, for example they are shown to feel misery and corruption in the text. Lawrence brings across the unattractiveness of the urban and industrial city and establishes the citys mentality into the minds of the miners. As a result, he creates a perfect, inhuman system of machines, where the miners begin to deny their humanity in feeling satisfied to belong to the great and wonderful machine, even whilst it destroyed them  [11]  . There is a lot of depiction of the state of mind in Women in Love; Woolf also brings across this mental absorption of the citys characteristics through the characters she presents in Mrs Dalloway. Doing everything on time and being exact is something which is part of most modern minded people, this is symbolised by the way in which time is shown on Big Ben in the novel. Virginia Woolf presents the city as a physical place presenting the menta l state of mind of the characters. For Mrs Dalloway à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦silence falls on London; and falls on the mind  [12]  , this in many ways indicates a deep connection between the inner thoughts and emotions and the outer world. Septimus consciousness reflects the understandings of the outer world. He did not want to die. Life was good.  [13]   There are many ways in which we can see that the link between the city and the mental life is illustrated through the character of Peter Walsh. On one hand Peter suffers from the loneliness in London as he feels a strangeness of standing alone, alive, unknown, at half-past eleven in Trafalgar Square.  [14]  However he also uses this feeling to keep track of the young woman before she is lost in the city crowd. Peter chasing the young woman may in fact symbolize the change of social behaviour and interactions between the two sexes within the restrictions of the city. In Women in Love a new directness regarding sexuality is presented as a consequence of the changing cultural environment in the city. Alcohol and sexual excitement are presented as the main occupations of the Pussum and the other residents of the flat. Although Gudrun regards London as a foul town, it is within the urban city where her new understanding of art is recognized. In the flat, a weird number of modernist wo rks of art and influences are shown to symbolise the directness to non-traditional art. Within this environment of the modern city, we are presented with the Brangwen sisters as having much better chances to live their eminent individual personalities than within the well-known closeness of urban Beldover. Although Birkin and Gudrun detest the masses, Mrs Dalloway looks at the small crowdà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦gathered at the gates of Buckingham Palace  [15]  from the distance it becomes striking and beautiful. It is the sense of an endless society and quality which attracts Woolf, Lawrence nonetheless is shocked by the crowds single mindedness. It is interesting to note that the characteristics of the crowd are not obvious for all citizens of the city. In conclusion we are able to identify the significance of the representation of the city in all three works by Lawrence, Eliot and Woolf. There are many different modernist representations of the city which come across in all three texts. What T.S. Eliot pictures as an isolated, distressed area, is in fact for Virginia Woolf a symbolic landscape of life and vibrancy, and for D.H. Lawrence an urban area of despair. All three diverse understandings and ideas of the city are reflected in the characters presented in the texts by the modernist authors. For this reason we are shown how Mrs Dalloways consciousness presents an optimistic image of the city, which is contrasted by both Birkin and Gudruns negativity. On the other hand, we do not only get the general approach of the presentation and its significance, the authors are shown to be expressing their personal and individual understandings and views of the city. The citys attitude of precision is symbolised within Geralds modernization of the coalmines which introduce the perfect inhuman machines to Beldover. Exactness can also be found in the strikes of Big Ben in Mrs Dalloway. Furthermore, in Mrs Dalloway the cities characteristics are mirroring the state of mind of the characters and give therefore another perspective of the urban landscape. In addition, Lawrences and Woolfs new modernist techniques of expression have the ability to cope with the progressively altering conditions of modernity within the city life. Woolfs free indirect speech gives a full meaning and insight into the awareness of the characters, therefore giving them a much better and accurate understanding of their own individual views of the city. Lawrence uses repetition in his language in order to improve his conventional understanding of particular terms and provides the city with new characteristics. As a result, the individual and subjective experiences of the authors offer a complex and deeper picture of the reality and unreality of a w eak city. WORD COUNT: 2732

Physician Reluctance to Engage in Health System Program

Physician Reluctance to Engage in Health System Program The Factors Effecting the Unwillingness of Physicians to participate in the Family Physical Program in Tehran’s Province Health System Abstract Introduction: The present study is an attempt to survey the reasons for the physicians’ reluctance to take part in the family physical program in the Tehran Province health system. Methods: Considering this purpose, the study is an applied work carried out through a correlative method in Tehran’s Province Health System in 2012.(IRAN) The study population was comprised of all the physicians in the Tehran Province health system. Participants were selected through census. A questionnaire was used for data gathering and the data were analyzed using SPSS16. Results: The mean point of economic stage,  work conditions, health, welfare, structural-organizational, and social-cultural problems in the health centers under study were less than midpoint. Additionally, a statistically significant relationship was found between these problems and the tendency of physicians to take part in the family physician program (P Conclusion: The results indicated a significant relationship between the problems of physicians and their tendency to take part in the family physician program in Tehran. Given the necessity of creating motivation among physicians to take part in the program effectively and willfully, solving the physicians’ problems appears to be effective in motivating the physicians in this regard. Keywords: Family Physician, Referral System, Problems of Family Physicians, Health Centers Introduction Health is one of the principal rights and a valuable capital at every social level [1]. Along the main objective of the national health system, which is to improve public health where the healthy citizens have capability to take part in economic and social activities [2], there are other tasks to be fulfilled by the health system. These tasks include raising hope for a healthy life, responding to reasonable expectations of the public, reducing social gaps (social justice) and providing financial coverage for medical services [1]. It is essential, therefore, to design and adopt a proper model for health services to realize health objectives, maintain/improve health, and improve equal access to health services. In this regard, many have supported the idea of a health system in which all citizens regardless of their living condition and place (even those living in remote areas) have access to adequate specialized health services. Such services are provided by the facilities where experts are trained based on the available resources in the shortest feasible time and for reasonable costs as required by cultural and time constrains [3]. In fact, family physician programs and referral systems are in line with the realization of a primary care health system that actualizes considerable potential resources towards the improvement of the health conditions of the society [4]. The family physician program is a comprehensive health system and among the main achievements of this program are helping people to refer to the right specialist and an increase in the public satisfaction of health services [2]. Additionally, the American Physician Academy believes that the family physician system is the best and most effective way to provide health services for patients [3]. In spite of this, the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, in cooperation with the Ministry of Welfare and Social Security, Ministry of Health, Treatment, Medical Education, and Health Service Insurance Org. triggered a rural health insurance programs through a referral system based on a family physician program in 2005. This program, considered as one of the main elements of health system development, was aimed to expand the health insurance coverage and to promote equal access to health diagnostic services [5]. In addition to supplying health services required by the public, the family physician program prevents negligence of patients’ right or any abuse of people’s need to health services [1]. Given that the family physician program is a nationwide program and all insurance organizations participate in this program, it is essential to survey the performance of the program regarding implementation, quality, and quantity of the services provided to insured patients. By this survey, the weakness and advantages of the program can be highlighted. Consequently, the family physician program may lead to immense changes in treatment behavior models as well as changes in consumption patterns in this field [6]. Santos and Amado believe that the knowledge of a family physician to provide primary care services leads to a long-term relation between the family and the physician; which is an advantage of the family physician program [7]. In addition, ranking the health services by the referral system gives the people in need access to more specialized services based on their true needs [8]. At first, the referral visits the family physician and, if needed, the physician recommends them to a special practitioner. The special practitioner, then, checks the patients, carries out the required measures, records the measures in the patients’ file, and returns the patients to the family physician [9]. Although, the family physician program is initially aimed to improve public access to health care systems and cuts the unnecessary medical costs, there are evidences that the program is not free of weaknesses [10]. In his study titled â€Å"challenges of family physicians in the world of the 1980s† Donald Rice (1980), studied the status of family physicians and challenges ahead of them in different countries and highlighted some main challenges including financial support for the graduates, salary of the physicians and the staff from community sources, and so on. After the implementation of health networks, family physicians are the next biggest reform in health systems, which promises to solve many of the problems of the health system. It is reasonable to expect a variety of economic, social, and cultural problems ahead of the program and failures to overcome. These problems threaten first level of services and the poor’s health. Above all, solving a problem needs developing an accurate insight to the problem. Analyzing the causes and the factors effective on high turnovers of family physicians is the first step to reach a right policy to improve health services nationwide. Methods The study is a descriptive analytical work carried out on the Tehran Province health system in 2012. Given incongruity of the districts under study and sensitivity of the issue, a census was taken in the system and all 100 physicians in the system agreed to participate. No sampling was done in this study and all the study population took part in the survey. Questionnaires were used for gathering the data. These questionnaires were divided into two sections. The first section included the demographic information of those who had took part in the survey. The second section included the questions which showed the unwillingness of the physicians towards the family physician program. The results of these questionnaires were classified into five main axes; 1- economic variables (questions 1-6); 2- work conditions, health, welfare, and educational variables (questions 7-12); 3- systematic-organizational variables (questions 13-18); 4- organizational-administrative variables (questions 19-24); and 5- social and cultural variables (questions 25-30). The questionnaire was designed based on Likert’s five-point scale. The validity of the questionnaires was approved by ten experts. Also, the stability was gained by the Cronbachs alpha coefficient test. The gleaned data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS. Among descriptive statistics frequency, frequency rate, mean, and standard deviation were used. Also in order to survey the independence/dependence of the variables, Chi Square was used as inferential statistics. Results Female and male participants constituted 65% and 35% of the sample group respectively. In addition, 24% of the participants were unmarried and 76% were married. Regarding employment status, 68% had lifetime employment and 32% were employed in the program for a specific time. The average age of the participants was 34 and the youngest and oldest participants were 25 and 54 years old respectively. Moreover, 23% of the participants were at the age range of 25-35, 58% were at the age range of 35-45; and 19% were at the age range of 45-55. Work records also showed that the lowest work experience was 1 year and the highest work experience was 29 years. On average, the participants had 10 years of work experience; 30% less than 19 years, 50% between 10 to 20 years, and 20% between 20 to 30 years. Table 1. distribution and frequency rate of the response Mean point economic, work conditions, health, welfare, structural-organizational, and social-cultural problems effective on the willingness of the physicians to take part in the family physician program were below the midpoint (Table 2). Table 2. Family physician problem There was a significant negative relationship among economic, welfare, and social-cultural problems. On the other hand, there was a positive and significant relationship between work conditions, health, and structural-organization problems (Table 3). Table 3. correlation among problems of family physicians to take part in the program Discussion The family physician program has aimed to completely implement a referral system in the heath and treatment sector. Among the main advantages of the program are preventing physicians ‘confusion and, more importantly, to improve public satisfaction from health services. This research also minimizes the waste of resources and leads to great economic savings. The early years of implementing the program have been featured with an increase of availability index in different aspects of the family physician program (human resources and preclinical services). Still, the ahead challenges are not deniable. The findings showed that there was a significant relationship between economic, work conditions, health, welfare, structural-organizational, and social-cultural problems on one hand and the physicians’ willingness to participate in the family physician program on the other. This is consistent with Hosseing Fahreji’s study [11] on the family physician program in the Imam Khomeini Charity Committee. A study by Masoodi Asl [12] on the assessment of the satisfaction of the service takers under the Imam Khomeini Charity Committee program showed that 31.25% were satisfied with the program, 51.5% were relatively satisfied, and 10% were relatively dissatisfied; which is inconsistent with the present study. Motlagh (2009) in a study titled â€Å"physician’s satisfaction† on the factors effective on creating dynamism in the family physician program and rural medical insurance indicates that minimum satisfaction level in the medical education universities is with financial problems [13]. Taking into account the findings of the study and significant effect of welfare and financial problems on the physician’s tendency to take part in the program, one may conclude that poor welfare facilities and accommodations for the physicians in the health and treatment network leads to high turnover rates among the physicians. The majority of the physicians only take part in the program for short and temporary terms and to only spend their obligatory service terms. Dieleman et al. also mentioned low salaries and hard work conditions as the reasons for lack of motivation in the health and treatment system [14]. Given that a successful implementation of the family physician program needs public participation and cooperation for different sections, cultural works on all the effective actors is essential. Failure to successfully implement referral to a specialist practitioner plan, poor follow up by the family physicians, and poor public support for the program are the signs of low public participation rates in the program. The reasons of poor cooperation are lack of cultural and public informing measures regarding family physician programs and negative attitudes and distrust in family physicians. Nasrollahpour et al. highlighted resistance among family physicians and specialist practitioners against the family physician program [15]. Professional satisfaction of the family physicians is a key factor in the health system. In addition, professional satisfaction might be related to the quality and effectiveness of the health services provided [16]. On the other hand, probability of attracting new work forces decreases with an increase of professional dissatisfaction among family physicians and replacement applications by the physicians. Payment terms and work conditions are key factors in attracting and keeping skillful physicians [17]. In regards to the causes of dissatisfaction among the family physicians are high workloads, being busy doing supportive works in health centers, lack of welfare, negligence of specific needs of different regions, and lack of proper cultural preparation (the public and specialist physicians are not properly trained). Ebadifardazar et al. [18] found that issues like low salaries, delay in payments, remote work place, long working hours, and no promising future for this national program are the causes of dissatisfaction of family physicians that increases turnover rates. Understaffed work force and high rates of turnover or replacement during the first 5 years of family physician program indicate problems of attracting and keeping general practitioners in the program. Also decreasing the number of service takers assigned to each practitioner, proving decent work conditions, providing welfare facilities to attract physicians and keeping the balance between demand and supply, clarifying health service packs, and providing required equipment and support are the effective factors in attracting and keeping the physicians [19]. Conclusion In conclusion, the results showed that there was a significant relationship between the problems experienced by physicians and their willingness to participate in the family physician program in the health centers located in Tehran. In spite of the fact that satisfactory implementation of the program is the intention of the policy makers, solving the problems participating physicians face and increasing their willingness to participate appears to be an effective approach to improve the outcomes of the program. References Jamshid Beigi M, Mardfar N. Executive performance of family physician program and rural insurance. Tehran: Arvij; 2007. Persian. Ghoharinejh ad S. Health system decentralization on Iran University of Medical Science. Proceeding of 5th National Congress of Healthcare Administration Student, 2007 May 9-12, Iran, Tabriz; P.32. Persian. Rasoulid Nejad S. A survey of referral system in health care service system and ways to improve Isfahan Health system. [Ph.D. Dissertation]. Tehran: Islamic Azad University, Research and Science Branch; 1996. Family physicians and referral system in Islamic Republic of Iran, Ministry of Health, Treatment, and Medical Education, Health Department, Summer, 2006. Persian. Ministry of health and medical education. Illustration of health team and family physician services. First ed. Tehran: Arvij Publishers; 2006. Persian. Khayyati F, Motlagh ME, Kabir MJ, Kazemeini H. The role of family physician in case finding, referral, and insurance coverage in the rural areas. Iranian journal of public health. 2011; 40(3): 136. Amado CA, Santos SP. Challenges for performance assessment and improvement in primary health care: the case of the Portuguese health centers. Health Policy. 2009;91(1):43-56. Davoudi S. Introduction to health sector reform. 1st ed. Tehran: Asar-e-Mouaser; 2006. Persian. Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Family physician instructions, 2010. Persian. Kersnik J. An evaluation of patient satisfaction with family practice care in Slovenia. Int J Qual Health Care. 2000;12(2):143-7. Hosseini Fahreji H. Assessment of family physician performance in Yazd Imam Khomeini Charity Committee [M.A. Thesis]. Tehran: Iran University of Medical Sciences; 2004. Persian. Masoudi Asl I. A survey of family physician program from the physicians’ viewpoint in Yasouj Imam Khomeini Charity Committee. [M.A. Thesis]. Tehran: Islamic Azad University; 2002. Persian. Motlagh MI, Pourshirvani N. Doctors consent of dynamic factors affecting the insurance plan and rural family physicians in Gilan University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. 2004;19:55-48. Persian. Dieleman M, Cuong PV, Anh LV, Martineau T. Identifying factors for job motivation of rural health workers in North Viet Nam. Hum Resour Health. 2003;1(1):10. Nasrollahpour Shirvani D, Ashrafian Amiri H, Motlagh ME, Kabir MJ, Maleki MR, Shabestani Monfared A, et al. Evaluation of the function of referral system in family physician program in Northern provinces of Iran 2008. J Babol Univ Med Sci. 2010;11(6):46-52. Landeck M, Garza C. Utilization of physician health care services in Mexico by US Hispanic border residents. Health marketing quarterly. 2003;20(1):3-16. Abma J C, Chandra A, Mosher WD, Peterson LS, Piccinino LJ. Fertility, family planning, and womens health: new data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Vital and health statistics. Series 23, Data from the National Survey of Family Growth. 1997;(19):1-14. Mahmoodi A, Kohan M, Azar FE, Solhi M, Rahimi E. The impact of education using Health Belief Model on awareness and attitude of male teachers regarding their participation in family planning. Journal of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences.  2011:9(3):21-8. Persian. Cates W, Karim QA, El-Sadr WM, Haffner DW, Kalema-Zikusoka G, Rogo K, Averill EMD. Family planning and the millennium development goals. Science. 2014;329(5999):1603.

A Glimpse of Dorothy Parkers Life Essay -- Biography Biographies Writ

A Glimpse of Dorothy Parker's Life Dorothy Rothschild, later to become the famous writer Dorothy Parker, was born on August 22, 1893 to J. Henry Rothschild and Eliza A (Marston) Rothschild in West End, New Jersey. Parker’s father, Mr. Rothschild, was a Jewish business man while Mrs. Rothschild, in contrast, was of Scottish descent. Parker was the youngest of four; her only sister Helen was 12 and her two brothers, Harold and Bertram, were aged 9 and 6, respectively. Just before her fifth birthday, Dorothy’s mother became very ill and died on July 20, 1897. Three years later in 1900, Mr. Rothschild remarried to a 48 year-old spinster widow, Eleanor Frances Lewis, who Dorothy referred to as â€Å"the housekeeper.† The new Mrs. Rothschild entered Dorothy in the Blessed Sacrament Convent School, where the Catholic ways of thinking were instilled in her. Fortunately or unfortunately, in 1903 Dorothy’s stepmother dropped dead of an acute cerebral hemorrhage and consequently Dorothy di d not have to continue at the Blessed Sacrament Convent. A few years later, in the fall of 1907, Dorothy entered Miss Dana’s school, a junior college, where she studied several different disciplines and was exposed to current events and cultural activities. This environment nourished Dorothy’s intellectual appetite, but this too was short-lived; Miss Dana died in March 1908. Dorothy, now aged 14, was only at the school for one year, the fall of 1907 to the spring of 1908 (Miss Dana’s school had to file for bankruptcy). In 1913, Mr. Rothschild died leaving Dorothy, age 19, to find her own way and support herself. In search of a way to support herself, Dorothy turned to Mr. Crowninshield, an editor at Vanity Fair who published her ... ...ceiving the credit she deserves. Bibliography â€Å"Dorothy Parker†. Grolier Incorporated 1993. [2004] Available Online: http://www.levity.com/corduroy/parker.htm, accessed April 14, 2004. Keats, John. The Life and Times of Dorothy Parker: You Might As Well Live. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1970. Kinney, Arthur F. Dorothy Parker, Revised. New York, NW: Twayne Publishers, 1998. Melzer, Sondra. The Rhetoric of Rage: Women in Dorothy Parker. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., 1997. Pettit, Rhonda S. A Gendered Collision: Sentimentalism and Modernism in Dorothy Parker’s Poetry and Fiction. New Jersey: Associated University Presses, Inc., 2000. Related Links: http://www.americanpoems.com/poets/parker/ http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/m_r/parker/parker.htm http://webpages.marshall.edu/~Armada2/Parker.html

Essay --

The United State of America is a faced with the daunting task of defending itself from both conventional and nonconventional threats. Countries like China, Russia, and Iran are at the forefront of conducting multiple aspects of intelligence operations/collections within American boarders. These operations pose a grave danger to national security and foreign policy. This paper will analyze the structure, capabilities, and intent of Chinese, Russian, and Iranian intelligence services. By doing so, it will highlight why Russia is the one country that poses the greatest to both American interest and national security. Chinese (PRC) intelligence services are structured in a fashion that is similar to most countries. There is a divide between civilian and military intelligence agencies. Currently, they are capable of conducting HUMINT, SIGINT, OSINT, and cyber operations. The Chinese use HUMINT operations in the Unites States as a means to collect technical data. China will utilize students, diplomats, businessmen, and scientists to gain information. (Pike 1997) China has more than 64,000 personnel in the United States that are activity collect information for the Chinese government. Due to the sheer aggressiveness nature of their unsophisticated HUMINT collection program, they were able to obtain mid to high level technologies. China’s has the largest SIGINT capability of in nation in the Asia region. They are capable of monitoring signals from Russia, Taiwan, and U.S military forces located in the area. In addition to land based platforms, China has a fleet of naval vessels that are capab le of collecting signals intelligence and their primary use is to monitor U.S. military operations in the Pacific region. (Pike 1997) The PRC has... ...led on your computer personal information can be encrypted and sent to servers located in Russia. This sophistocation is what ranks Russia as the number one country that poses the greatest threat to national security. (Shachtman 2012) Russia, China, and Iran all have intelligence capabilities. However, after srutenizing there intelligence capabilities on an individual basis, Russia is ranked number one while China and Iran follow in order. Russia’s ability to collect on the United States of America exceeds other countries because of its’ SIGINT, HUMINT, and cyber operation are being evolved on a continual basis. Russia, currently has naval, air, and land assets that can collect anywhere in the world. Additionally, Russia has the second largest space program, that includes spy satellites that are capable of collecting on the United States and other countries.

Lipton Marketing Plan Essay

Unilever The Unilever Group is one of the world’s leading suppliers of fast-moving consumer goods. Besides having a significant global presence, Their Lipton brand is a leader in the international market. This report contains and explains the major variable components, which are essential in the process of marketing. It will give an in depth analysis of the tea market. It will also give a comprehensible picture of the internal and the external factors involved that encircle the Tea Product. Lipton Herbal Tea Ingredients Holy Thistle –has been used medicinally for over 2000 years, most commonly for the treatment of liver problems by supporting it in the release of toxins. It has been highly regarded for therapeutic uses and was cultivated throughout Europe. Holy thistle products are still popular in Europe and the United States for various types of liver disease. Holy thistle is believed to have great power in the purification and circulation of the blood. Persimmon –leaves are a good source of important dietary antioxidants, such as vitamin A& C. It has been widely used as a tea in oriental countries. Persimmon leaf is anti-allergic in composition. It is also used topically in some beauty products to help to clarify the skin and eliminate dull and dark areas. Malva Leaf –was considered as a perfect plant in early literatures. In ancient days it was not only valued as a medicine, but was used to decorate the graves of friends. Marshmallow Leaf –has been traditionally used to soothe and support the intestines. Herbs such as Marshmallow are often helpful for symptomatic relief of coughs and irritated throats. Topically, marshmallow is used to soothe and soften irritated skin. Marshmallow leaf is completely non-toxic. Marketing Planning vs. Strategic Planning Developing a marketing strategy involves two steps: (1) Selecting a target market and (2) Developing the best marketing mix (the 4 P’s or 7 P’s) to satisfy this target. Ultimately, the tactics becomes much more specific and provide more precise details about such matters as, say: where should we advertise? When should we run the ads? How will we get distribution in certain types of  stores? Etc. In effect, the tactics describe how to achieve the strategies and how to manage resources that are required to implement the tactics. Companies need to analyze and track what their competitors are doing. It is important to know the strengths, weaknesses, objectives, and strategies of the competition. The marketing plan is an important document used by companies for planning. It is a road map and surveys the business environment, describes problems, threats and opportunities in the industry, contains a marketing strategy, and has financial projections/budgets. We must not confuse a marketing plan with a business plan. A marketing plan is concerned more with strategy whereas a business plan is more concerned with financial information. The primary purpose of a business plan is to raise money from venture capitalists or bankers; the primary purpose of a marketing plan is to provide direction for a company. The marketing plan is an integral part of the business plan. Marketing management constantly have to assess which customers they are trying to reach and how they can design products and services that provide better value (â€Å"competitive advantage†). The main problem with this process is that the â€Å"environment† in which businesses operate is constantly changing. So a business must adapt to reflect changes in the environment and make decisions about how to change the marketing mix in order to succeed. This process of adapting and decision-making is known as marketing planning. On the other hand,  strategic planning  is concerned about the overall direction of the business. It is concerned with marketing, of course. But it also involves decision-making about production and operations, finance, human resource management and other business issues. The objective of a strategic plan is to set the direction of a business and create its shape so that the products and services it provides meet the overall business objectives. Marketing has a key role to play in strategic planning, because it is the job of marketing management to understand and manage the links between the business and the â€Å"environment†. It can help to: †¢Identify sources of competitive advantage †¢Gain commitment to a strategy †¢Inform stakeholders in the business †¢Set objectives and strategies †¢Measure performance Marketing planning is also important since it is often a prerequisite for obtaining funding whether one is a marketer in a large corporation seeking additional money for his or her department or is part of a small start-up company looking for initial funding. Customer-Driven Marketing Strategy There are three processes toward an effective customer driven marketing strategy such as Segmentation Targeting Positioning Segmentation identifies the difference category like as age, location, & religion.- Targeting means product for specific people.- Position means minds of the customer. Lipton’s Neighbouring Segments: Geographic–The market of Lipton is segmented according to geographic criteria such as nations, states, regions, countries, cities, and neighbourhoods. Demographic –Demographic segmentation consists of dividing the market into groups based on variables such as age, gender, family size, income, occupation, education, religion, race and nationality. Demographic segmentation variables are amongst the most popular bases for segmenting customer groups. This is partly because customer wants are closely linked to variables such as income and age. Psychographic –Through psychographic segmentation Lipton’s consumer are divided according to their lifestyle, personality, values and social class. Lipton’s Target Market: Choosing a targeting strategy depends on company resources, product variability, product’s life cycle stage, market variability, and competitors’ marketing strategies. Lipton has equal benefit for everybody. We will have to focus on the all group of ages. Thus we will use Undifferentiated Marketing (or mass-marketing) where everything about the product is designed to bring all people to Lipton. This is a market coverage  strategy in which a firm decides to ignore market segment differences and go after the one market with one offer. The reason of choosing full market coverage is to be a market leader in future. †¢Geographic Target: Lipton’s geographic customers are of USA, Europe and India but in near future after establishing the product in these areas they will definitely launch their product in the rest of the continents. †¢Demographic Target: All age groups Lower, Middle, and High income class †¢Psychographic Target: Higher-Middle class Middle class Lower-Middle class †¢Current Market Trend: Market trend is now headed toward a more sophisticated and aware customer. The preference for high-quality product is increasing as customers are learning to appreciate the qualitative differences. Lipton’s Positioning: Lipton tea has been positioned in the market as â€Å"great tasting and good for consumers† because it is rich in protective antioxidants (Unilever 2007).It is globally promoted as â€Å"the perfect drink for active, healthy lifestyle† (Unilever 2007). The following flavours of herbal tea are currently available: †¢Herbal tea with Lemon – Herbal tea with a twist of citrus flavour †¢Herbal tea with Raspberry – Herbal tea with raspberry flavour †¢Herbal tea with peach – Herbal tea with peach flavor Consumer welfare and sustainable development have been the main driving factors behind the packaging and marketing of Lipton Herbal Tea till now. Therefore, in order to meet the diverse tastes of consumers all over the world, Lipton is continually adding new flavours in the product. These attributes are allowing the organisation to develop and expand its niche at a fast pace in the global arena. Furthermore, Unilever has a strong presence in the developing and emerging markets yet there is plenty of ‘white space’ to move into. These markets are the next in our planned rollout. SWOT Analysis (Business Portfolio Analysis): When the situation is viewed in terms of SWOT analysis, the following can be highlighted: STRENGTHS: †¢Strong Financial Backup: Lipton Unilever has been established as a group by five investors who are also its board of directors; providing Lipton Unilever with strong financial assistance. †¢Emphasis on Quality: The Company manages to provide improved & innovative products to the consumers through research and development. Lipton Unilever is established with the primary concern for uncompromised quality in mind and all of their products are perceived by the consumers as the best in business with respect to quality. They maintain their high quality standards by importing professional expertise and technology from developed nations. †¢Encouragement to innovativeness: The Company has a very aggressive strategy when dealing with developing new products, i.e. they are ready to take risks and come out with products that have unique differential advantages and are unavailable in the market. †¢In-house research facility: Lipton Unilever has an in-house research facility, where market research can be done about consumer preferences and our competitors; the information is very useful to top level managers for decision making. WEAKNESSES: †¢High Price: Since the cost of production of most of their products is high because of various factors (imported ingredients, technology, quality and maintenance etc), they charge high prices for the items they produce. †¢Inexperience in the Tea market: Although Unilever comprises of highly professional people and a strong marketing strategy; they are still considered new entrants in the tea market. OPPORTUNITIES: †¢High Growth Rate: Tea industry has high growth potential in line with high rates of population. †¢Brand Equity: There is strong possibility to establish brand equity by creating awareness in untapped segments of the market. †¢Increasing concern for health: Since the media explosion from the mid-90s, people have convenient access to information. Hence, people are being educated about the concern and need for health awareness and therefore have adopted increasing concern for their health and appearance. THREATS: †¢Rivalry firm: The tea industry facilitates a lot of competition from market leaders like Royal. Their longer existence in the market has given them an established consumer base and loyalty and has provided them with the experience that Lipton Unilever lacks. †¢Economic Factors: Increase in government tariffs, import duties and political situation of the country i.e. economic instability could be a threat to Lipton’s product. An Integrated Marketing Program The Marketplace and Customer Needs and Wants: Global Tea Market: The tea industry is about 170 years old. It occupies an important place and plays a very useful part in the global economy. Tea plantations are mainly located in rural hills and backward areas. The major competitive countries in tea in the world are India, Sri Lanka, Kenya, China and Indonesia. China is the major producer of herbal tea while Sri Lanka and Indonesia are producing mainly orthodox varieties of tea. Kenya is basically a CTC (Crush, Tear, and Curl) tea producing country. India is facing competition from Sri Lanka and Indonesia with regard to export of orthodox teas and from China with regard to herbal tea export. Above Line graph clearly indicates that till 1991 Tea consumption grew at the phenomenon rate of 32.2% where as in recent past few years the average rate of consumption growth is 0.7%. Tea being the only beverage which is consumed at the largest following Water hence there is no trouble to global tea market future with growing population. Customer Needs and Wants: The health related issues are increasing day by day due to the lifestyle and inclination of the generation towards fast food or junk food which is generally responsible for health hazards. Unilever’s research shows that majority of the people have developed health consciousness. This is mainly due to the various health programs being broadcasted on television as well as a variety of articles being published in magazines and digests. Lately trends show that people have started reverting back to the natural means of maintaining health. Natural means ensure high nutrition as well as health enhancement. Moreover nowadays more and more people are getting literate and educated. The education in turn brings awareness in the people and they understand what  do’s and don’ts. There is class of people who are very health cautious and most of them fall under high class societies. Since it is difficult to change the lifestyle of people all of sudden; people look for better product which can keep them healthy and offer resistance or meditate their health for long life and better health. We must keep in mind that tea is hot beverage consumed by people all over the world at highest after water. So it is a great idea if tea can prove as tea as well as medicine and offer better health & immunization as it is consumed twice to thrice a day. If tea can provide health benefits it will be surely welcomed by the class of health conscious people. Furthermore, A few recent studies suggest that the health benefits would drive the performance of Lipton herbal tea across the globe (Winslow 2006). Consumers generally perceive tea consumption to be a healthy activity and are more likely to consume herbal tea rather than other soda based drinks. Therefore, the 100 percent Natural Tea and 150 mg of protective natural antioxidants has made Lipton tea a major participant in the gl obal tea market. Integrated Marketing Plan for Lipton: Our Marketing Objective: †¢To offer consumer best health advantage through Lipton Tea. †¢To establish Lipton as market leader in herbal tea industry. †¢To enable Lipton Tea to satisfy, fulfill the consumer’s personality & lifestyle. †¢To increase Lipton Tea’s popularity as an icon in Herbal Tea product. In order to achieve our objectives we will use following strategies while developing our marketing mix. Value Based Pricing We will set our product price, based on the benefits it provides to consumers. Because our offer is unique and highly valuable features are better positioned to take advantage of value-based pricing. Multi-Channel (Hybrid) Distribution Systems We can utilize more than one distribution design by following a multi-channel or hybrid distribution system. As Example, we may use a direct retail system by selling Lipton Tea in company-owned stores, and through a direct  marketing system by selling via direct dispatch, and through a single-party selling system by selling through grocery stores. This approach will allow us to reach a wider market; however, we must be careful with this approach otherwise channel conflicts will arise. Promotion Mix (Integrated Marketing Communications) In order to deliver a clear, consistent, and compelling message about Lipton and its product we will use; Advertising as it will allow us to reach many buyers and repeat message many times; Sales Promotion since it provides wide variety of tools and rewards quick response; Public Relations because it is very believable and will dramatize Lipton and its product. Marketing Mix of Lipton Tea: †¢Product –Lipton Tea will be a high quality product offered as specially blended herbs tea. Contents of the Lipton Tea will be:40 bags, 80 bags, 150 bags, 250 bags (Family pack)The amount of bags refers to different target groups.40 bags for singles, 80 bags for couples,150 bags and 250 bags are Family Packs. (250 bags is most famous nowadays) Packaging: Customer perception of a package creates brand equity and purchaser loyalty. The image presented by the package largely determines success or failure of a tea line. Appearance stimulates memories and emotions inside the purchaser, who often times is female, often buying for an entire family. Thus colour, image and slogan of Lipton must all combine to facilitate customer allegiance. Before coming to this idea we had to systematically search for new product ideas through analysing our internal sources, customers, competitors, distributors, and suppliers. Afterward we marked the best idea and dropped poor ones by examining the market size, product price, development time and costs, manufacturing costs, and rate of return. †¢Place –High quality tea for a reasonable price will be bought from Assam & Darjeeling (India) and will then be blended and packed in the Lipton factory. Then we may open up company-owned stores to start a direct retail system to sell Lipton Tea. We can even sell Lipton tea directly to the end  consumers by sending direct dispatch from factory. At the same time the final product will be distributed to authorized dealers and retailers such as supermarkets and main tea shops so the end consumer has easy access to it. Place in supermarket: On the middle and lower levels of self. The Lipton Tea will be placed according to the content of tea bags. †¢Price Prices for the tea will be as the following: – Price of $18 for regular sized pack -Price may be increased to reflect quality Reasons for pricing policy: Lipton Tea will be competing against the main player on the Herbal Tea Market Royal Tea by setting a higher price but offering more value for it. Various promotion activities, giveaways and advertising on radio and television will help to establish the brand and gain market shares. †¢Promotion – The promotion is the most important point to launch our products because we want to be able to compete with our biggest competitor. We must focus on this point because the people like to purchase bargains or buy products that offer free gifts. Other brands do not offer as many promotion and free gifts. This is why it is important to focus especially on the Promotion activities of the marketing mix. We are going to set up original events in order to attract new customers and consumers of other tea brands. Our objectives: -Develop awareness -Generate traffic -Build loyal customer base In order to achieve above mentioned we will pursue the following: – Stand in the supermarkets: we want to set up a stand in the supermarket in order to make tasting to the supermarket’s clients. The stand should be placed between the fresh food and the food with the aim  to attract all the consumers. The stand should represent the brand with the colour of the company, the logo, the environment of Lipton. For example, the stand could be coloured with a combination of red and yellow. Moreover, the hostesses can give some presents to the children like, balloons with the logo of the brand and pens with the logo. Also, during the launch of our product (one week), all the customers at the supermarket will receive a sample of â€Å"Lipton Tea† for free at the cashiers including a voucher which explains the game to win a trip to London. Promotional offers during the year: If a client buys a box of 150 bags, he will get a free coupon a spoon or a little kettle. In addition, during first two months, we can organize a game: when you buy Lipton, you win some points and with certain numerous of points, you can get a present which represents the brand image. Promotional event for Lipton Tea launching: During one weekend in a big city we will organize a big event. In the street, there will be hostesses with special clothes who will distribute samples and cups with tea to offer the product to passer-by. After the show, they will hand out flyers the people can fill in so as to win the weekend trip to London. At the end of the event, there will be a drawing of lots. The winner will receive the present(tea boxes) via post way. Furthermore, in the street there will be a lot of decoration of the brand image. Advertisement: At the beginning, the strategy is to focus on the Internet, the radio and on daily newspaper to reach a lot of customers. These media are noticed by a large target group which will help the firm to be known. After six months or one y ear, we will begin a campaign on television, in magazines and on airports. Building Profitable Relationship and Creating Customer Delight Customer Relationship Management: Customer relationship management (CRM) refers to building one-to-one relationships with customers that can drive value for the firm. The continuing evolution of CM is made possible by understanding the interactive relationships that develop between firms and customers and among customers themselves. Lipton will increasingly be able to customize marketing messages  to larger target audiences on the basis of the customer’s expected response and the customer’s value to the firm. By following the CRM strategies discussed here, firms can reduce overall marketing costs, increase overall customer response rates, and, most importantly, increase overall customer and firm profitability. For example: Lipton’s marketing plan has data on markets, prospects, and lists. This is also supported through a third party vendor. But marketing needs to drive generated leads to Sales for follow up. Thus, the marketing department also could use feedback from service and sales about what campaigns are working. Customer Service has excellent customer feedback, but it’s not looping back into marketing department. This is the type of data that can act as the foundation for upcoming marketing campaigns. Customer Service can also provide sales representative important product information or specific account issues that would be invaluable for sales to have before they call on an account. Finally, Customer Service can be used for cross sell and up sell opportunities. The key is to have all your customer information integrated. This provides each department with a 360-degree view of the customer, and ensures that the data is current and complete. Lipton’s CRM applications will also enable companies to interact with customers throughout multiple channels including the Web, phone, fax, direct mail, e-mail, and in person or through partners. Partner Relationship Management: Partner Relationship Management is a used to describe the methodology and strategies for improving communications and relationships between companies and their channel partners. These solutions include key features for selling, commission, opportunity, marketing campaigns, inventory access, and other features designed to facilitate the relationship between manufacturers and their channel partners. Partner relationship management can take a number of different forms. In some cases, delivery of a product is needed during specific times of the day. For example, in Lipton’s shipping and receiving departments, suppliers must deliver within a certain time frame. In the busiest of locations, that window could be as little as 30 minutes.  When traveling across a large geographic region, that can be a hard target to hit. Using software and other communication tools often provided through a partner relationship management strategy, suppliers, shippers and the end users can keep incons tant contact with each other. This means the end user will be able to know where each item is each step in the process and when to expect it. Depending on the situation, this may allow Lipton’s factory to adjust production so that the entire operation does not shut due to supply concerns. Partner relationship management is also important for a manufacturer and reseller or retailer. Software allows the producer to understand when a certain product is in demand and allows that producer to adjust his processes likewise. Without this benefit, Lipton would need to wait for an order from the retailer or reseller. That could delay the process and thus allow both sides to miss out on valuable sales. In addition to communication, partner relationship management can also provide services in other areas. For example, it may include a partner loyalty component, which will provide a benefit to both companies. As those relationships are solidified, it will provide a good customer base on which both can depend. Capturing Value from Customers to Create Profit and Customer Equity The first four steps in the marketing process involve building customer relationships. The final step involves capturing value in return. 1) By creating superior customer value, the Lipton herbal tea creates highly satisfied customers who stay loyal and buy more. 2) By Creating Customer Loyalty and Retention 3) The aim of customer relationship management is to create not just customer satisfaction, but customer delight. 4) This means that companies must aim high in building customer relationships. 5) Customer delight creates an emotional relationship with a product or service, not just a rational preference. 6) Lipton herbal tea is realizing that losing a customer means losing more than a single sale. It means losing customer lifetime value. 7) Growing Share of Customer 8) Share of customer is defined as the share the company gets of customers purchasing in their product categories. (Thus, banks want to increase â€Å"share  of wallet.†) Building Customer Equity Unilever want not only to create profitable customers, but to â€Å"own† them for life, capture their customer lifetime value, and earn a greater share of their purchases. Customer Equity in Lipton Tea Marketing consists of actions taken to build and maintain desirable exchange relationships with target audience involving a product, service, idea, or other objects. Customer equity is the total combined customer lifetime values of all of the company’s current and potential customers. Clearly, the more loyal the firm’s profitable customers, the higher the firm’s customer equity. Customer equity may be a better measure of a firm’s performance than current sales or market share. Building the Right Relationships with the Right Customers Not all customers, not even all loyal customers, are good investments. â€Å"Strangers† show low potential profitability and little projected loyalty. The relationship management strategy for these customers is simple: Don’t invest anything in them. â€Å"Butterflies† are potentially profitable but not loyal. The company should use promotional blitzes to attract them, create satisfying and profitable transactions with them, and then cease investing in them until the next time around. â€Å"True friends† are both profitable and loyal. There is a strong fit between their needs and the company’s offerings. The firm wants to make continuous relationship investments to delight these customers and retain and grow them. â€Å"Barnacles† are highly loyal but not very profitable. There is a limited fit between their needs and the company’s offerings. Important point: Different types of customer require different relationship management strategies. The goal is to build the right relationships with the right customers. Factors Affecting the Effective Implementation of the Marketing Plan Human Resources Capabilities: The people working in this organization are the  key to achieving effective implementation of those strategic plans. Staffing competent employees involves recruiting, training and retaining a capable and adaptable workforce. Knowledgeable, dependable and versatile employees have the ability to overcome the obstacles to change, and can meet performance goals even when other resources are scarce. If all of the other elements listed in this article are present, but the workforce does not meet these criteria, then achieving those objectives may be nearly impossible. Favourable Environment: We have to Rethink existing policies and procedures, and make any changes necessary to facilitate the changes resulting from our strategic initiatives. We may find that certain aspects of our existing operational framework can actually impede strategy implementation, and that certain areas may stand out as being lacking in policy guidance in light of our new strategic goals. Technological Infrastructure: Technology can give our organization valuable assistance in implementing new policies, procedures and initiatives. Utilize technology to enhance and maintain communication and accountability for all relevant managers and operational employees throughout the change process, and to keep track of implementation and performance goals and their achievement. This may require adding new systems and infrastructure, ensuring that all systems will function reliably, and training all relevant staff to use new systems and programs. Incentive Systems: We must consider altering existing incentive systems to coincide with our new strategic objectives. As an example, if we can alter existing incentive system rewards employees on the basis of tenure, but our new strategic plan calls for a 50 percent increase in service plan sales to reposition our company as a service provider, then consider altering the system to reward employees or teams with high monthly service plan sales numbers .According to â€Å"Crafting and Executing Strategy† by Thompson, Strickland, and Gamble, our employees’ incentive-based goals will always coincide with our organizational objectives. Strong Leadership and Culture: Organizational culture and strong leadership are inseparable. We must encourage and train our management team to be agents of change, with the ability to champion new ideas and coach employees through the change process. Also, use our influence as a leader to reset the tone of our organization to reflect the importance and seriousness of our new strategic plans, and lead by example in terms of flexibility and dedication to change. Capital Resources: All of the internal elements listed in this article require capital to employ. For example, highly skilled workers demand higher wages, technological infrastructure can be costly, and reward systems require capital if material goods are offered. Thus proper budget have to be introduced.