Using Italian Reflexive Pronouns

Utilizing Italian Reflexive Pronouns In a reflexive sentence the activity of the action word returns to the subject, as in the accompanying models: I wash myself. They have fun. In reflexive sentences, Italian action words, similar to English action words, are conjugated with reflexive pronouns. Reflexive pronouns (I pronomi riflessivi) are indistinguishable in structure toâ direct object pronouns, aside from the third individual formâ siâ (the third individual solitary and plural structure). Particular PLURAL mi myself ci ourselves ti yourself vi yourselves si himself, herself, itself, yourself (formal) si themselves, yourselves (formal) Much the same as immediate item pronouns, reflexive pronouns are set before a conjugated action word or appended to the infinitive. On the off chance that the infinitive is gone before by a structure ofâ dovere,â potere, orâ volere, the reflexive pronoun is either joined to the infinitive (which drops its finalâ â€e) or put before the conjugated action word. Note that the reflexive pronoun concurs with the subject in any event, when appended to the infinitive. Mi alzo. (I’m getting up.)Voglio alzarmi. Mi voglio alzare. (I need to get up.) Mi, ti, si,â andâ viâ may drop theâ iâ before another vowel or anâ hâ and supplant it with an apostrophe. Ci may drop theâ iâ only before anâ iâ orâ e. Siâ lava tutti I giorni. (He washesâ himselfâ every day.)Ci divertiamo molto qui. (We enjoyâ ourselvesâ a part here.)A casa, m’annoio. (At home, I get exhausted.)

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 9

Financial aspects - Essay Example To upgrade our impression of the circumstance let us first catch up on the fundamental financial ideas. First think about the contrast between the monetary short run and since a long time ago run. The short run is characterized as that timeframe in which in any event one contribution of creation is fixed while the since quite a while ago run is characterized as the time allotment over which all elements of creation are variable. A straightforward method to recognize is think about the movements in the size of creation. In the short run the size of creation is fixed. A specific size of creation is spoken to by a short run normal cost bend. Again over the long haul the size of creation shifts. The Long run normal cost bend is an envelope of the interminable number of short run normal cost bends. Anyway it is basic to take note of that the Long run normal cost bend in no way, shape or form an envelope of the base purposes of the short run normal cost bends. The individual short run idea l states are the base purposes of the short run normal cost bends however over the long haul the optima differ as the size of creation itself is currently factor. The Long run normal cost bend is U formed under customary presumptions. The falling part is clarified by decrease in per unit cost with all components variable because of proficiency additions of extending the scale. These are known as scale economies1. Again the upward rising part is clarified by per unit since quite a while ago run cost ascends because of decrease in proficiency and is known as diseconomies of scale2. Let us presently consider the circumstance of Engines R Us. In the given circumstance it produces at the base effective size of creation. The base proficient size of creation alludes to the base sum a firm can deliver that limits its since quite a while ago run normal expenses (Varian, 1990). For a ceaseless and U formed since quite a while ago run normal cost bend, the base proficient size of creation is the yield level that relates to its base

Humans Have A Tremendous Capacity For Compassion And Hatred, Peace And

Humans Have A Tremendous Capacity For Compassion And Hatred, Peace And Humans Have A Tremendous Capacity For Compassion And Hatred, Peace And War, Harmony And Conflict â€" Essay Example > Social Behaviour and Human NatureHumans have a tremendous capacity for compassion and hatred, peace and war, harmony and conflict. [To err is human, to forgive is divine](Alexander Pope)Conflict and variability of ideas is the realm of this world. No two people are ever the same due to different opinions and experiences. Hence, no two persons can have the similar kind of minds. As self interest is unavoidable, along with scarcity of resources the conflict is somehow natural. Similarly the intense emotions like kindness, disgust, peace, war, agreement and conflict are in human instinct. Human beings have a natural push for move from the physical needs to psychological needs. As a community of human beings expand, the desire for security increases. As the need to survive is fulfilled, the need to communicate becomes apparent. Every human has some natural traits, a set of qualities in his self. Everyone possesses these set of traits with varying intensity. But the urge to rule and or der, compassion and hatred, peace and war, harmony and conflict can be seen in all human beings, at individual as well as on community level. When a community becomes powerful, without any concern with the individual differences and mutual conflicts, it goes to conquer the so called enemy. It is evident from history that communities had been on wars for natural resources, conflicting ideologies and urge to show power and many other reasons. But in the present era the trend of wars has changed. The civilization and modernization has made people realize that wars are a source of destruction and loss of valuable human lives. The more a nation is develops, the more it values individual life. To protect humanity and peace in the world, after World War II, the United States along with developed nations, established United Nations organization which aimed at the protection of world from war in future. UNO is the well established institution on which the whole world nations trust. Since i ts establishment, it is providing valuable services to the world by maintaining peace and prosperity. The United States of America, today’s sole world power, has always emphasized the importance of human life and dignity. It has been supporting the developing nations since World War II for their betterment. After the breakup of USSR, a non state actor called Taliban emerged on the world politics. As this network of Taliban gained power, it became a threat to the peace for the world. After 9/11 incident, USA started taking serious action against Al Qaida or Taliban network. As its human nature that human being cannot forgive a loss of his life. Surely he has a tremendous capacity for sympathy and hatred, peace and war, harmony and conflict. USA has been very kind to the developing countries like Afghanistan, Pakistan and Gulf States. It has been helping the countries financially, socially and for scientific and educational development but the terrorists situated in Asian region t argeted New York and turned USA infuriated. The attack on a developed nation will obviously result in defensive attacks on the suspected regions. When US was compassionate for the world, it left no stone unturned to help the poor nations but when it was offended by 9/11 attacks, the quest of security made president bush to act for the security of the united states. As Pope Alexander said beautifully that to make a mistake is human nature but to forgive is divine. This never happened after the offence of 9/11. The actual terrorists deserved severe punishment but in order to rebuke them, many innocents were killed perhaps unintentionally by USA.

Questions On Thinking Towards Weibo - 1628 Words

4.Critical thinking towards Weibo Just because of this freedom expression of Weibo, it also brings loads of rumors in cyber space. Famous American pioneer in personality psychology Gordon Willard Allport mentioned in his book â€Å"Psychology of Rumor† that he emphasis the unconfirmed of rumor. (Gordon Willard Allport, 1947) The French scholar Kapferer not only stresses on the unconfirmed of rumor but also emphasis the unofficial of rumor. (Jean-Noel Kapferer, 2011) In 2006, scholar Brendan Nyhan in University of Michigan and Jason Reifler in Georgia State University mentioned that when the brain receive information, it would instinctively defend invasion of other repellent information. (Joseph E Uscinski, Joseph M. Parent, 2014) Weibo is seems like the real-time monitoring system for China to supervise what has already happen in China. New York Times discussed the increasing popularity of Weibo has already built the debate and critical kingdom in the inner social of China in order to profoundly alter the theory formation and social feature of China. For its benefits, it could improve the supervision by the public and push forward the civil society. While in China, as civil enjoy the freedom and space in Internet, the Internet is full of a great numbers of unidentified rumors. The net citizens could not distinguish the true or false of rumors. The judgment of information posted in Internet is rumor or truth is extremely important for citizens, as net citizens need face withShow MoreRelatedContemporary Issues in Marketing - Co-Creation in the Case of Nike5505 Words   |  23 Pagesthrough the internet and become selective when taking decision which provides feedback to companies. 6 Co-creation creates value because of the feeling of satisfaction the customer has as a creator of the item. This feeling reverts on loyalty towards the brand. (S. Auh et al, 2007). Also according to Wim Rampen, â€Å"Value is co-created with customers if and when a customer is able to personalize his or her experience using a firm s product in the lifetime of its use to a level that is best suited

Why Do We Live Our Lives - 1561 Words

Imagine: an application is placed in front of you, what do you see? An array of unchecked boxes categorized by gender, race, activities, goals, etc†¦ Now, while filling out the application, you have the option to select â€Å"prefer not to answer,† but even in doing so, have you already presented to the person reviewing the application some idea of who you are? Now, imagine another scenario: you are swiping left and right on profiles, on the application, Tinder. Have you already formulated an opinion of the people you are saying yes or no to? To formally answer the question, yes, you have already labeled and categorized these people based on appearance and what they have said in their description prior to having any kind of contact with them.†¦show more content†¦Was it when the dominant culture was in the â€Å"power† of the â€Å"white† race? When we are born, we have no concept of what race is or what that word even means. A YouTube video created by the user Prince Ea of a spoken word poem says: â€Å"Isn’t it funny/ how no baby is born racist/ Yet every baby cries/ when they hear the cries of another† (3:10-3:16). This quote exemplifies how racism has occurred within our society as a whole. We have learned the universal standard of what race is and defined what racism entails as we have gotten older through the concept of labeling people. Because of racial labeling, many individuals have, in turn, been able to create their own definitions of what type of person falls under such categories, thus reifying the concept of racism, itself. Author McBryde has entered a conversation on the aspect of adoption and race with her colleague, Peter Singer, in which she asks: What about mixed race babies, especially, when the combination is entirely non-white, who I believe are just about as unadoptable as babies with disabilities? 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Business Plan in Bangladesh Free Essays

Yangon Institute of Economics Department of Management Studies MBA Programme Business Plan for POINT footwear manufacturing and distribution Submitted by : Nay Zar Myo Roll No : 36 15th Batch MBA Plan Outline 1. Executive Summary 2. Company Summary 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Plan in Bangladesh or any similar topic only for you Order Now Products 4. Market Analysis Summary i. Market Segmentation ii. Distribution Strategy iii. Market Trends 5. Competition and Buying Patterns Competitive Edge 6. Strategy and Implementation Summary Sales Strategy 7. Management Summary 8. Financial Plan i. Important Assumptions ii. Break-even Analysis iii. Projected Profit and Loss iv. Projected Cash Flow v. Projected Balance Sheet vi. Business Ratios 1. Executive Summary POINT is a recent start-up manufacturer of an upscale ladies foot wear line (in order to substitute Foreign foot wears market) targeted at females between the ages of 16 and 65. POINT not only develops the foot wear line, but supports it with advertising and promotion campaigns. Pyay Lai Manufacturing and Trading Company plans to strengthen its partnership with retailers by developing brand awareness. POINT intends to market its line as an alternative to existing foot wear lines, and differentiate itself by marketing strategies, exclusiveness, sophisticated design and technologies and high brand awareness. The key message associated with the POINT line is classy, upscale, versatile, and inexpensive footwear. The company’s promotional plan is diverse and includes a range of marketing communications. In the future, the company hopes to develop lines of accessories, raw materials (rubber, leather, velvet) and foot wears for men, women, and children. The Figure is drawn based on the Income Statement of the year 2000, 2001 and 2002 when the company manufactured and distributed only traditional slippers (leather and velvet) for men, women and children. Keys to Success 1. Seek out feedback from our customers (teens and ad How to cite Business Plan in Bangladesh, Essay examples

Transport Planning in the Brisbane City-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Transport Planning in the Brisbane City. Answer: Introduction Transport planning is a very important part of a country or citys civilization. This depicts how organized a city is. There are many problems that arise in context of the proper transport planning in the city. A proper transport planning by the city administration helps the city to be kept clean, free of accidents and a smooth communication of vehicles on the roads. Thus, it is indeed important to maintain the roads and the increasing vehicles to be in a smooth communication process, avoiding traffic jams and accidents. In this paper, the topic of discussion is to show how the policy in bicycle helmets and assure that bicycles do not become victims of accidents (Vigar, 2013). Document framework Need for bicycle helmet policy One must know about the proper criteria or the importance of introducing the bicycle helmet policy in practice. There was a report in the year 1986 that was published to highlight on the child cyclist injuries (Wegman, Zhang Dijkstra, 2012). This report was published from the Redcliffe Hospital in Brisbane. The increasing rate of the child injuries due to not wearing the helmets while riding the bicycles showed that the children were not secured without wearing the helmets. This had been one of the major concerns for the government. This raised the concern for the government as they wanted to bring out a remedy for this problem. They feared that this could happen to the other people as well (Wegman, Zhang Dijkstra, 2012). Effects of the injuries while riding bicycles The doctors of the various medical organizations and hospitals, the people having the responsibility for the road safety of the citizens all expressed their gravest concerns about this matter (Siman-Tov et al., 2012). They have expressed their views that this should be made compulsory by the government as the lives of many people are associated with it. They say that wearing helmets while riding bicycles is a good practice because it protects the cyclists from the head and brain injuries. The head injuries that are caused by the accident resulting from cycling accidents affect the people from different perspectives like long-term metal and physical disability (Olivier, Walter Grzebieta, 2013). A proper and safe transport planning can help to diminish the rate of accidents in a huge way by adjusting the vehicles to take the assigned roads and the cyclists should keep to their specified lanes (Tolley, Turton, 2014). The traffic and road safety bodies of the organizations have to chalk out certain rules for each kind of the vehicles in the country provided in the major road system in the country. Policies for safety of the bicyclists The Bicycle Brisbane Plan has to be followed in terms of the road safety for the bicyclists (Heesch et al., 2016). This policy is made for the benefit of the bicyclists and the use of helmets has to be made mandatory so that many lives can be saved. In the minor road systems within the city, the cyclists have to share the same roadway with the other vehicles. The bicyclists have to follow the lines marked specially bicycles or wide curbside lanes. The cyclists on the main roads are mainly the school children or the people who cycle their way for recreation. They should not use the verges or open spaces (Garrard, Rissel Bauman, 2012). Brisbane City Cyclist planning The Brisbane city administration is looking to provide opportunities to most of the cyclists a better environment to ride cycles in the city premises and they have thought of making new plans and provide resources for it as well (Buehler, Pucher, 2012). The local, state and federal government is looking forward to improve the cycling networks all over the country. The technical areas in the cycling network have to be improved in this context as well. Targets and Plans Brisbane Vision According to the Brisbane Vision, it looks after the well-structured future of the Brisbane City ("Brisbane City Plan 2014 | Brisbane City Council", 2017). They have set their targets of completing almost 1700 km of the bikeways networks by the end of 2031 (Council, 2014). Brisbane City Plan 2014 The city council of Brisbane has looked to implement certain plans they have made. They want to develop the city land areas and utilize it for the bikeways ("Brisbane City Plan 2014 | Brisbane City Council", 2017). The city plan has included two interactive online planning tools, namely ePlan (the digital version of city plan) and interactive mapping process (Council, 2014). Brisbane Transport plan (2008-2026) This transport plan introduces the transport options and the outline information that help to understand the transport problems in the city. They have made realistic transport mode share targets where the cycling will account up to 8% of the all the trips on an average week day in the year 2026 (Kamruzzaman et al., 2016). Cycling network maps In the ePlan made in the Brisbane city plan, the existing and proposed future cycling network Bicycle Overlay Map can be found. The current map can be found in the Google Maps, Nearmap and Cycling Brisbanes route planner (Fuad, Drieberg, 2013). The National policy for cycling in Australia The national strategy in Australia for the cycling has been improved as a coordinating framework that has identified the responsibilities that are relevant with the policies of Australian government (Gardner, 2017). The various levels of the government, the community, industry stakeholders have all helped to promote the value of cycling in Australia (Gardner, 2017). Technical standards and city council standard drawings The city council in Brisbane has provided drawings for the off-road and on-road cycling facilities in the country. The Cycling Aspcts of Austroads Guides (2014) have all the information that relate to the planning, design and traffic management of cycling management in the city. The policy and legal framework The Guide to Road Design-Part 6A: Pedestrian and Cycling Paths provide necessary guidance for the road designers to build safe road designs that will help to efficient walking and cycling in the city roads (Gardner, 2017). The organizations that are involved in the cycling management, support and encourage the cycling habits among people, obviously wearing helmets are Australian Bicycle Council, Bicycle Queensland, Cycling Australia, Cycling Queensland, Cycling Resource Centre, Cycling Promotion Fund and many others (Gardner, 2017). The strategy for the Australian cycling planning and policy is built upon the coordinating framework that helps to realize the responsibilities of government at all levels (Gardner, 2017). This strategy highlights the fact that the number of bicycle riding people has to be increased and this will reflect in the betterment of individual safety and society. The policy wants to double the number of the bicycle users by 2016 (Gardner, 2017). The Australian Bicycle Council has encouraged that a biennial National Cycling Participation Survey has to be organized in order to measure the number of total cyclists in the country. The council wants to ensure some of the facts that are associated in this (Gardner, 2017). They want to promote cycling as a viable and safe mode for transport. This can enable the safety of the people. This can develop consistence guidance for the stakeholders. The importance for cycling in the transport system and land use planning activities has been addressed. South East Queensland Regional Plan SEQ 2017 provides the framework for the growth management of the country. Some important things are highlighted in this context ("South East Queensland Regional Plan", 2017). It aims for the overall growth of the region, protecting the environment, enhancing the regional economic strengths so that they can put up competition on a global basis, making the lands productive, protecting the resources, landscapes and the cultural heritage (Warren, Gibson, 2014). They also have the target to utilize on the current infrastructure and make smarter solutions for the new infrastructure; they also aim to support the rural communities and the economic diversification (Thompson, Maginn, 2012). The implementation of the EPBC Act will be a key thing to be noted when all the urban projects will be addressed. In this case, the need to protect the lives of human beings is an essential thing. If the children and other people die just because of not wearing the helmets while riding bicycles, it will b e a huge loss for the countrys man power ("South East Queensland Regional Plan", 2017). SEQ Policies till 2031 South East Queensland 2031 regional transport plan is an essential plan for identifying the bicycle helmet policies for the region that has been focused in this report. The plan suggests to increase the share of active transport such as walking and cycling up to two times like 10% to 20%. This will increase the number cycles in the city. They also want to cut down the share of motor vehicles from 83% to 66% that will help to rescue the society from damage. Some challenges that have been identified in this prospect are they can no longer rely on the motor vehicles for the traffic growth. They want to promote walking and cycling as massive important for the road safety and better planning. The population is increasing in this city very rapidly so the need to rely on developing new means The Connecting SEQ 2031has identified several new centers for the public transport hubs. They want to build some strategies regarding to transport that will reduce pollution and waste in the countries. Those means should be cost effective enough so that they can be easily maintained and operated. The limit of consumption should be reduced to sustainable effects. The Queensland Infrastructure Plan has an allocation of $500 million for developing the cycling infrastructure within the town. They want to support the local cycling networks and encourage the active transport. The planning suggests that a rise of 58% in the cycling of the area should be optimized. This will also cater to reduce the congestion levels within the city. More cycling in the city will encourage more transport efficiency. The school going kids can be benefitted from the fact of increasing cycling infrastructures and the use of helmets while cycling will add to their safety while cycling in the highways. Strategies and implications Many strategies can be optimized at the time of looking at the issue and they should be looking forward to implement them realistically. The government needs to make different kinds of surveys like the vehicle flow surveys, vehicle weight surveys, journey speed, travel time and delay surveys, spot speed surveys, environmental impact surveys, parking use surveys and many more (Ahillen, Mateo-Babiano Corcoran, 2016). Through making these surveys, they will be able to know which roads are mainly used by the bigger and heavier vehicles and which roads are used by the smaller and lighter vehicles. The government of Queensland has revealed in their annual reports that they want to motivate the youth to be indulged in cycling. Queensland Cycling Strategy has been built because of that only. They want to make a safe environment for cycling and make sure that everyone is convenient in riding cycles in the state. They also want to encourage the new riders to cycling and thus make the communit y believe that cycling is indeed helpful for the benefit of health. The economy of the state and the country will be energized as well. The government is much interested to grow the participation of the young people in this so that the cost of motor vehicles can be easily saved and the environment will be saved as well. They will encourage more people to ride cycles by sharing the roads and public places. The population is growing everyday so the people want to avail an enjoyable, comfortable and safe environment for the riders. Approach to the policy formulation There are many kinds of problems that are associated with the traffic control system. These approaches can be solved in different manners. The approaches can be noted as the objective-led approach and the problem-oriented approach. Cycling is a way to reduce all of these problems (Belin, Tillgren Vedung, 2012). It emits excessive pollution, building new roads and increase the number of lanes in the highways for the advantage of the smaller vehicles, the use of telecommunications, get rid of the manual signaling systems and deploy new electronic signals at the roads will be some effective ideas to meet the needs of the objectives taken. Though, these solutions are very expensive, they may not prove to be effective enough on the long run because if new roads are built, it may take up new lands (Belin, Tillgren Vedung, 2012). Conclusion This paper can be concluded by saying that transport planning is indeed an essential aspect of the town planning in Brisbane. The various objectives of the city council has aimed to build a transport policy that will cater to the needs of the citys transport. The chosen policy of bicycle helmet using is also an essential thing since many people die of falling from the bicycles on the highways and get trampled by the bigger vehicles. References Ahillen, M., Mateo-Babiano, D., Corcoran, J. (2016). Dynamics of bike sharing in Washington, DC and Brisbane, Australia: Implications for policy and planning.International journal of sustainable transportation,10(5), 441-454. Belin, M. ., Tillgren, P., Vedung, E. (2012). Vision Zeroa road safety policy innovation.International journal of injury control and safety promotion,19(2), 171-179. Brisbane City Plan 2014 | Brisbane City Council. (2017).Brisbane.qld.gov.au. Retrieved 16 August 2017, from https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/planning-building/planning-guidelines-tools/brisbane-city-plan-2014 Buehler, R., Pucher, J. (2012). International Overview: Cycling Trends in Western Europe, North America, and Australia.City cycling, 9-29. Council, B. C. (2014). Brisbane city plan 2014.June, Brisbane. Fuad, M. R. A., Drieberg, M. (2013, May). Remote vehicle tracking system using GSM Modem and Google map. InSustainable Utilization and Development in Engineering and Technology (CSUDET), 2013 IEEE Conference on(pp. 15-19). IEEE. Gardner, E. (2017).National Cycling Strategy - Austroads.Austroads.com.au. Retrieved 16 August 2017, from https://www.austroads.com.au/road-operations/bicycles/national-cycling-strategy Garrard, J., Rissel, C., Bauman, A. (2012). Health benefits of cycling.City cycling,31. Heesch, K. C., James, B., Washington, T. L., Zuniga, K., Burke, M. (2016). Evaluation of the Veloway 1: A natural experiment of new bicycle infrastructure in Brisbane, Australia.Journal of Transport Health,3(3), 366-376. Kamruzzaman, M., Washington, S., Baker, D., Brown, W., Giles-Corti, B., Turrell, G. (2016). Built environment impacts on walking for transport in Brisbane, Australia.Transportation,43(1), 53-77. Olivier, J., Walter, S. R., Grzebieta, R. H. (2013). Long term bicycle related head injury trends for New South Wales, Australia following mandatory helmet legislation.Accident Analysis Prevention,50, 1128-1134. Pucher, J., Buehler, R. (2012).City cycling. MIT Press. Siman-Tov, M., Jaffe, D. H., Peleg, K., Israel Trauma Group. (2012). Bicycle injuries: a matter of mechanism and age.Accident Analysis Prevention,44(1), 135-139. South East Queensland Regional Plan. (2017).Planning.dilgp.qld.gov.au. Retrieved 16 August 2017, from https://planning.dilgp.qld.gov.au/planning/better-planning/state-planning/seqrp Thompson, S., Maginn, P. (2012).Planning Australia: An overview of urban and regional planning. Cambridge University Press. Tolley, R., Turton, B. J. (2014).Transport systems, policy and planning: a geographical approach. Routledge. Vigar, G. (2013).The politics of mobility: Transport planning, the environment and public policy. Routledge. Warren, A., Gibson, C. (2014).Surfing Places, Surfboard Makers: Craft, Creativity, and Cultural Heritage in Hawai'i, California, and Australia. University of Hawai'i Press. Wegman, F., Zhang, F., Dijkstra, A. (2012). How to make more cycling good for road safety?.Accident Analysis Prevention,44(1), 19-29.

Analysis of John Smiths Advertising Campaign Essays

Analysis of John Smiths Advertising Campaign Essays Analysis of John Smiths Advertising Campaign Paper Analysis of John Smiths Advertising Campaign Paper The advertising campaign I chose to look at was for John Smiths. The famous British beer with the No Nonsense attitude, John Smiths is the number one ale brand in the UK, selling over one million pints every day with annual retail sales in excess of i 650 million. High profile marketing, incorporating TV advertising, sponsorships and innovative consumer promotions, has driven John Smiths success to the point where the brands on trade sales total more than its two nearest competitors added together. The brands annual marketing investment, which stands at a record of  £ 20 million, was much to be congratulated by its No Nonsense TV campaign with comedian Peter Kay which dramatises the virtues of a No Nonsense approach to life. The John Smiths advertising campaign with Peter Kay has earned almost 50 advertising and marketing awards to date. More importantly, the advertising has captured the hearts and minds of consumers everywhere helping the brand build on its dominance as the number one ale brand in the UK. For Scottish Courage (the owners of John Smiths), the challenge for its John Smiths brand was to achieve dominance of the ale sector. The objective for 2002 communications was to create a sense of brand ubiquity (maintaining high advertising awareness, increasing spontaneous brand awareness and consideration), make the brand more attractive to younger male drinkers without scaring away older drinkers, and also to strengthen the consumer franchise overall. A requirement was also to make the brand more attractive to the trade to help secure broader distribution. In order to make the share of impact much greater than share of spending, Scottish Courage needed a communications property with high advertising impact that could also be carried below the line. The role of the advertising was to further develop the No Nonsense idea, which had already been successfully introduced in previous campaigns. The premise of No Nonsense ads was to strike a chord with the audience and make ale drinkers feel more comfortable about drinking John Smiths. The key target market was identified as 20 and 30 something men, both existing ale drinkers and prospects. The proposition being No Nonsense Ale for No Nonsense Blokes. TBWA/London developed a creative idea involving comedian Peter Kay in various humorous situations. Televisions reach potential and its ability to generate massive awareness amongst a young male target market were obviously key factors in determining the eventual media mix. In terms of traditional advertising, television secured almost the entire spend, with only limited budgets allocated to press and radio. After ditching Jack Dee as its brand spokesman over 5 years ago, the makers of John Smiths bitter returned to the comedy circuit for a i 20 million advertising campaign starring the up-and-coming stand-up Peter Kay. He is intertextual because he is well known through his comedy programs such as Phoenix Nights. Scottish Courage ended its contract with the old comic (Jack Dee) in 1998 saying John Smiths was so famous it no longer needed a celebrity to endorse it. Instead, the brewer came up with No-nonsense man, a cardboard cut-out of an ordinary bloke shown sipping a pint of John Smiths on a deck chair and in his local pub. Then came theyre biggest and most recent campaign, the biggest ever for the brand, it will continue with the gimmick-free approach for which John Smiths has become famous Peter Kay. Here are three of the six adverts made from the recent John Smiths campaign: Ave It, Wardrobe Monsters and Top Bombing. The other three successful adverts that I will not be looking at were: Snooker, Showstopper and the most recent advert shown on television from John Smiths, Doorstep Challenge. The first ad, titled Ave It, had the narrative opening on a muddy recreation ground with a group of young football players showing off/practising their keepy uppy skills. After each individual demonstration, the player effortlessly passes the ball to a colleague keeping it off the ground, until it reaches the solid figure of Peter Kay. He then promptly boots the ball far away into a neighbouring garden whilst saying Ave it! The ad closes as Peter Kay self-congratulates himself for a moment saying oh yes, then opts for a can of John Smiths over the traditional half-time oranges and the John Smiths slogan No Nonsense appears. This advert clearly represents Peter Kay as a laid back individual as the players before him had been doing all that fancy footwork and he just trumps in and wellies it totally uncontrolled, and he is also proud of himself. He represents himself by the way he speaks and the way he chooses the beer over the oranges is clearly to show the whole idea of a no nonsense lifestyle. The advert is of a sporting genre, which shows us that the intended audience is probably for men above 18. The next John Smiths advert I looked at was one called Wardrobe Monsters. The advert opens with two couples eating together in a restaurant laughing (laid back), Peter Kay being one of the male partners. His mobile phone rings and answers it to find that its the babysitter looking after his daughter. His daughter, Britney, speaks to him on the phone and informs him that she is having nightmares about the wardrobe monsters. He tells her, theres no such thing as wardrobe monsters, its the burglars that brake in through the window thats you want to be worried about. He then ironically says sweet dreams to his daughter than asks for two more beers from the bar without even realising what he has said to his daughter, showing his laid back approach to life. He takes a sip of his pint, then realises that they are all starring at him and says what? Also showing he was being serious about the way he replied to his daughter but comedian towards the audience at the same time. The final image is of a pint of John Smiths and as before its slogan No Nonsense, summing up the whole point of the advert. This advert probably appeals to both male and female audiences as it is concentrating on the non-seriousness of Peter Kays ideas towards parenthood. The final John Smiths advert I looked at from its most recent campaign is entitled Top Bombing. The advert starts in the scene of some sort of diving event e. g. Olympics. Everything comes across to be authentic as we see real diving platforms and pools, a commentator expressing his feelings on the dives, a voice in the background telling the type of dive and judges score, action replays of the dives, and also diagetic sounds e. g. jumping off platforms and the diver hitting the water. First we see a diver from Australia, Darren Croll. He does a spectacular dive involving lots of twists and turns. The commentator says, Oh thats a good dive! Next there is a diver from Canada, Petit. He also does an amazing dive consisting of lots of summersaults, the commentator says oh even better! Then he says, now the favourite John Smith for Great Britain. We then see the image of Peter Kay standing on the platform with his hands in his pockets acting like its nothing to be in the competition. We briefly hear the speaker in the background say what he is about to do, a running bomb. Peter Kay throws himself off the platform, making the water splash everywhere, e ven over the judges. The commentator then says, oh terrific the crowd love it, and so do the judges! He says this as the speaker reads out all of his scores as 10, beating the other two divers by a lot. The commentator finishes by saying, top bombing! Peter Kay climbs up the swimming pool ladder to get out and exposes the top of his bottom and waves to the crowd. Once again showing how laid back and proud he is of his lifestyle. Also as in the other adverts there is an image of a pint of John Smiths beer and the slogan No Nonsense, supporting the idea of the whole advert. This advert would have been aimed at anyone 18+ as it is mainly just mocking the fact that he beat these extremely hard dives by doing a running bomb, which is effortless. To maximise the impact of the investment, Scottish Courage together with Media Vest developed a focused TV buying strategy. A high percentage of the advertising was placed in and around mainly sports programming on the terrestrial channels e. g. Cricket on 4, World Cup and Grand Prix on ITV1, and the various Sky Sports channels. Sports programming offered a good fit with existing John Smiths drinkers TV viewing patterns. John Smiths is involved in a lot of horse racing advertising at the races. John Smiths association with racing dates back to 1959 when the brewers Magnet Ale became the first commercial sponsor in flat racing, entering into an enduring partnership with the nearby racecourse at York. Now re-titled the John Smiths Cup, it is the longest-established flat race sponsorship in Britain. John Smith was just 24 years of age when he purchased a run down brew house in Tadcaster in 1847 eight years after a horse called Lottery had won the first ever Grand National at Aintree beginning a successful brewing heritage that has spanned more than one and a half centuries. John Smiths current list of sponsored races include: The John Smiths Cup at York; The John Smiths Northumberland Plate; The John Smiths Midlands Grand National at Uttoxeter and The John Smiths Stakes at Newbury. The company has a long and successful track record in sports and arts sponsorship including, in the present day: The Fosters British Grand Prix; Kronenbourg 1664 Official Beer of the Open Golf Tournament; The John Smiths Cup at York; Scrumpy Jack official drink of the English Cricket Team and Becks Futures at the ICA. It also fitted well with potential John Smiths drinkers viewing habits (lager drinkers with a no nonsense attitude to life). The strategy provided John Smiths a dominant share of voice within the relevant sports programming context. Research shows that John Smiths enduring association with a no nonsense attitude plays a big part in its appeal to consumers and everything about Peters character reflects this. John Smiths is to sponsor the Grand National meeting in a new three-year multi-million pound title sponsorship agreement. The very first John Smiths Grand National meeting will take place on Thursday 7th Saturday 9th April 2005. The Grand National is the Worlds most famous race, broadcast in over 140 countries with an estimated audience of over 600 million viewers. The three-day meeting attracts 150,000 race goers. This just goes to show the amount of media coverage John Smiths advertising receives. There appears to be a clear understanding of what the advertising is saying about the John Smiths brand shown by all the awards won. This has built over the course of the campaign to date. Endorsement of the statement John Smiths is a humorous and down to earth brand is just one example. Attribution of image statements like is a brand for people like me have increased amongst all age groups. The Peter Kay campaign created massive awareness. It successfully communicated the brands no nonsense positioning in a way that people could really engage with. As a result people feel closer to the brand, which ultimately has had a positive impact on sales. The John Smiths campaign with Peter Kay has achieved massively considering it is only a piece of advertising for a type of ale. The TV commercials have been talked about in offices and pubs across the country, and sayings such as Ave it have entered everyday conversation and discussion. The latest No Nonsense campaign has carried on a strong tradition of memorable and highly successful John Smiths TV advertising. The advertising has resulted in increased awareness and sales. It also won a number of awards including the Creative Circle and Campaign magazines Campaign of the Year 2002. The judges described the advertising as a brilliant campaign that has entered peoples everyday lives while significantly boosting sales and winning fans, plaudits and column inches galore in the process.

French Compound Tenses and Moods

French Compound Tenses and Moods Conjugations for the different French verb tenses and moods can be divided into two categories: simple and compound. Simple tenses and moods have only one part (e.g., je vais) whereas compound tenses and moods have two (je suis allà ©). This lesson will explain everything you need to know about the more complicated compound conjugations.But first, a chart: the simple tense or mood on the left is used to conjugate the auxiliary verb for the compound tense or mood on the right, as demonstrated with the verb avoir (to have). Simple Compound Present tu as (you have) Pass compos tu as eu (you have had) Imperfect tu avais (you were having) Pluperfect tu avais eu (you had had) Pass simple tu eus (you had) Past anterior tu eus eu (you had had) Future tu auras (you will have) Future perfect tu auras eu (you will have had) Conditional tu aurais (you would have) Conditional perfect tu aurais eu (you would have had) Subjunctive tu aies (you have) Past subjunctive tu aies eu (you had) Imperfect subjunctive tu eusses (you were having) Pluperfect subjunctive tu eusses eu (you had had) Imperative (tu) aie ([you] have) Past imperative (tu) aie eu ([you] have had) Present participle ayant (having) Perfect participle ayant eu (having had) Infinitive avoir (to have) Past infinitive avoir eu (to have had) Please note that I have provided (English translations) to give you an idea about the differences in meaning, but there may be other possibilities. For detailed information about each tense and mood, click the links to read the lesson. You might also find this lesson helpful:  Translating French verbs into English. See other  French verbs  conjugated into all the tenses and moods: Simple Compound aller aller avoir avoir tre tre prendre prendre There are four things you need to know about French compound tenses and moods in order to conjugate and use them correctly. 1. Two-part conjugations Compound tenses/moods are always made up of two parts: the conjugated  auxiliary verb  (either  avoir  or  Ãƒ ªtre) and the  past participle. French verbs are classified by their auxiliary verb, and use it for all compound moods/tenses. That is,  avoir  verbs use  avoir  in all of the compound tenses/moods, and  Ãƒ ªtre  verbs use  Ãƒ ªtre  in all the compound tenses/moods.In the chart on page 1, the tense/mood in the first column is the conjugation used for the auxiliary verb of the compound tense/mood listed in the second column.For example,  aller  is an  Ãƒ ªtre  verb. So the present tense of  Ãƒ ªtre,  Il est, is the conjugation used for the passà © composà © of  aller:  Il est allà ©Ã‚  (He went).Manger  is an  avoir  verb. The future of  avoir,  Nous aurons, is the conjugation for the future perfect,  Nous aurons mangà ©Ã‚  (We will have eaten).   2. Agreement There are two different types of agreement with compound tenses and moods, depending on whether youre dealing with  Ãƒ ªtre  verbs or  avoir  verbs.Être verbs:  In all compound tenses/moods, the past participle of  Ãƒ ªtre  verbs  has to agree with the subject of the sentence in gender and number.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il est allà ©.  Ã‚  Ã‚  He went.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elle à ©tait allà ©e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  She had gone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ils seront allà ©s.  Ã‚  Ã‚  They will have gone.  Ã‚  Ã‚  ...quelles soient allà ©es.  Ã‚  Ã‚  ...that they went.Avoir verbs:  The past participle of  avoir  verbs that are  preceded by a  direct object  must agree with the direct object*  Ã‚  Ã‚  Les livres que tu as commandà ©s sont ici.  Ã‚  Ã‚  The books that you ordered are here.  Ã‚  Ã‚  La pomme ? Je laurai mangà ©e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  The apple? I will have eaten it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Mes sÅ“urs... vous les aviez vues ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  My sisters... had you seen them?*Except for  ve rbs of perception  and the  causative.When the  direct object follows  the  avoir  verb, there is no agreement.  Ã‚  Ã‚  As-tu commandà © des livres  ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Did you order some books?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jaurai mangà © la pomme.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I will have eaten the apple.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Aviez-vous vu mes sÅ“urs ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Had you seen my sisters?There is  no agreement with  indirect objects.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je leur ai parlà ©.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I talked to them.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il nous a tà ©là ©phonà ©.  Ã‚  Ã‚  He called us.Learn more about agreement   3. Word order: Pronouns Object, reflexive, and adverbial pronouns  always precede the auxiliary verb in compound tenses/moods:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Je te lai donnà ©.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I gave it to you.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il lavait fait.  Ã‚  Ã‚  He had done it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Nous y serons allà ©s.  Ã‚  Ã‚  We will have gone there.   4. Word order: Negation Negative structures  almost always surround the auxiliary verb**   Ã‚  Ã‚  Je nai pas à ©tudià ©.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I didnt study.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nous naurions jamais su.  Ã‚  Ã‚  We would have never known.**Exceptions:  Ã‚  Ã‚  a)  In the  past infinitive, both parts of the negation precede the auxiliary verb:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jespà ¨re ne pas avoir perdu.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I hope I didnt lose.  Ã‚  Ã‚  b)  Personne,  aucun, and  nulle part  follow the past participle:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je nai vu personne.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I didnt see anyone.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je ne lai trouvà © nulle part.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I couldnt find it anywhere.   34. Word order with pronouns and negation When the sentence includes a pronoun and negation, the pronoun is placed in front of the auxiliary verb, and then the negative structure surrounds that pair:Subject   ne   pronoun(s) auxiliary verb negative word past participle.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nous ny serions jamais allà ©s.  Ã‚  Ã‚  We would never have gone there.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je ne te lai pas donnà ©.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I didnt give it to you.For detailed information about the conjugations and uses of the individual compound tenses/moods, follow the links in the summary table on page 1. Other two-verb constructions In addition to compound conjugations (auxiliary verb past participle), French has other two-verb forms, what I call dual-verb constructions. These consist of a semi-auxiliary verb plus an infinitive, and the rules regarding agreement and word order are somewhat different -  learn more. For more information about how all the different French tenses and moods fit together, take a look at our  French verb timeline.

National Issue Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

National Issue - Research Paper Example The first and far most important consideration in this connection however, remains the worker and his needs. The needs are subjective and may have a variation of meanings for various cultures and individuals. The technological advancement and a change in human life style have a profound impact on working hour averages in first world countries like United States of America. The fast pace life of these social setups require specialized solutions for issues like maximum hours that an employee should work to earn his livings and to ensure the maintenance of social system. Despite being personal in nature the issue is no more a private concern and living societies have to address it in a collaborative and collective manner. The communal effect of the issue makes it a candidate for legal authenticity and legitimacy. However, Fleck (2009, p.3) has wisely inquired, â€Å"The number of hours individuals work stimulates debate on the quality of life in an international context: do some societ ies live to work while others work to live?† 40-Hours Week a Balanced Approach The human history in terms of labor rights protection has not been very bright. Specially extended working hours from the emergence of industrial revolution have received the stanch criticism of social reformists. â€Å"The widespread poverty and harsh labor and living conditions of the working class spurred those interested in economic and social reforms to develop new ideas to change how the industrial society functions† (Weiner, Mark & George, 2008, p.36). Apart from any idealist stance we have to acknowledge that the standard of 40-hours week is a not only acceptable but a balanced approach to address the concerns of all stakeholders. The presence of two extreme end workers in this age of globalization; those working more then 40-hours a week and a majority working below this limit, still suggest that 40-hours work week is the balanced, wise and practical approach to the issue. However, t here is a need to bridge the gap between two extreme end workers. Amendments and improvements should be suggested to bring into effect a harmonized system with more comforting arrangement for the working class while keeping the working hours cap at 40-hours a week. A Social Indicator A debate on the suitable limit for maximum working hours is essentially a debate on the standard of life people enjoy not only in local context but in the context to other nations of the world. The international organizations constantly review their statistics in this regard to establish the living conditions in a society and issue reports that are largely referred to gauge the standard of life in a particular region of the world. It may be surprising for many people that American workers work more hours than their European counterparts. â€Å"The OECD data series showing that U.S. workers work more hours per year, on average, than their European counterparts appears to be slightly inflated because of differences in sources and methods, but the difference is nonetheless real.† Fleck (2009, p.27). Despite some inherent biases, the comparison has international acceptance and should be honestly used to learn our lessons as liberal nation. â€Å"The evidence presented in this article confirms that biases are inherent in data sources used to measure hours worked.† Fleck (2009, p.27). We have to decide whether the Fair Labor Standards Act 1938 can still govern

Neoclassical and Impressionism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Neoclassical and Impressionism - Essay Example The essay "Neoclassical and Impressionism" analyzes neoclassical artworks and artists of impressionism. Artists of this period defied some earlier artistic guidelines that entailed adhering to basic aspects meant to classify these images, but they kept the essence of being realistic in all their works. Consequently, this artistic period influenced diverse aspects besides innovations that marked its period and esteemed to date. Neoclassicism marked the onset of 19Th period movement that entailed strict adherence to austere linear design in expressing one’s ideas via artwork. Presently, numerous studies associate this period with architectural models, which by then involved, realistic drawing coupled with varied predetermined painting techniques. Therefore, the artists had to both apply and adhere to certain outlined rules, which was contrary to the impressionism period. This is because the latter besides realistic painting, it required artists’ varied and imaginative ski lls to convey the required message. Neoclassical epoch up to date marks the most remarkable phase in the European history. This is because of its various dynamic events, which characterized the period ranging from political to the empowerment of people’s economy in diverse ways. For illustration, military and political unrest that characterized the era aggravated by influential states while in pursuit of annexing lesser regions to strength their economies. Hence, this yielded to heightened rate of colonization that influenced other states. like Portugal to develop interest in Africa and US. This is because colonies besides acting as a sign of political power; they were principal source of industrial materials that boosted the states’ economic stability. Besides, economic stability in this era augmented due to the people’s literacy rise and marketing innovations as trade competition heightened among the party states. Studies associate this period with

The Irony In The Truman Show English Literature Essay

The Irony In The Truman Show English Literature Essay Truman from The Truman Show and Meursault from The Stranger both have things that foreshadow their ultimate choices in life, which include symbolism, existential themes, and irony. In The Truman Show , there is irony present throughout the whole movie. During most of the film, Truman wanted to leave Seahaven and go explore the world. He had a desire to do more than just live a quaint, common life. He is unique, and it is his motivation that makes him stand out. His enduring determination helped him find the answer. For example, he almost drowned during a storm while sailing, but he persisted on. Truman got an answer, but it may not have been the answer he was searching for. Once Truman learned that his life was a television show, he realized he would not be as unique if he left. He would not be the center of attention, and now wants to be just an ordinary person outside of Seahaven. There also irony present throughout The Stranger, as Meursault also has somewhat of an epiphany towards the end of the novel. Throughout the story, Meursault is indifferent to many things and does not show strong moral values. For example, he kills a man without strong reasoning. After getting sentenced to death, he truly realizes why he is getting punished for his actions. He understands what will happen to him and accepts it. Ironically, instead of having moral thoughts or feelings of remorse, he believes that hatred of him would make him feel less alone. However, he realizes he becomes happier when he better understands human existence and purpose. As if that blind rage had washed me clean, rid me of hope; for the first time, in that night alive with signs and stars, I opened myself to the gentle indifference of the world. Finding it so much like myself-so like a brother, really-I felt that I had been happy and that I was happy again. For everything to be consummated, for me to fe el less alone, I had only to wish that there be a large crowd of spectators the day of my execution and that they greet me with cries of hate, (Part 2, Chapter 5, P.123). He feels lonely, and it is the hate from the crowd of spectators that help him feel less alone. Meursault faced a lot of things like an existentialist. For example, he was ready to accept his consequence after he shot the Arab. He also was ready for death, knowing it is inevitable. Some existential themes include freewill, controlling your own fate, accepting your fate, and taking responsibility for your own actions. These themes are all present in The Stranger. It was the freewill that led him to shooting the Arab, because he was in total control. He chose his fate, accepted the consequences, and took responsibility for what he did. For example, he realized he was going to die, and accepted it. There are also existentialist themes in The Truman Show. Although the shows creator, Christof, tried to keep Truman in Seahaven, he ultimately could not. Trumans freewill and control of his own fate led him to discovering the truth about Seahaven, and thus controlling the outcome of his life. He accepted the reality of his life being centered around a television show, but moved on by leaving Seahaven. Although Trumans artificial world came to an end, he entered reality as he left Seahaven. Symbolically, Trumans fake world coming to an end was foreshadowed by a previous event. The light fixture that fell as Truman left his home symbolized things starting to fall apart. Shortly after this even, there were more examples that caused him to be suspicious and doubtful of the world around him. Another great example of symbolism in the film was the unfinished bridge that Truman and Marlon had conversations on. Truman was always uncertain of something when he spoke to Marlon on the bridge, and it could represent Trumans unfulfilled life and uncertainty. Although Trumans life was unfulfilled in his eyes, there is something that foreshadows him traveling in the future and discovering something. The name of his sailboat was the Santa Maria, which was a famous boat that Columbus sailed to America on. This foreshadowed Truman leaving the town of Seahaven to explore a completely new world. There is much symbolism present in The Stranger as well. For example, Mersault does not like being uncomfortable, especially from the weather. Many perceive the sun as a source of warmth, sometimes beauty, but Meursault dislikes the heat. The sun normally brings joy, emotional warmth or comfort to an individual, but Meursault seems to dislike feeling emotional in any way. He also dislikes heat from the sun. The sun was a barrier of Mersaults emotions. It also led him to murder. While walking on the beach, Meursault encountered the Arab again. The Arab reflected light off of his knife from the sun. Meursault thought to himself, All I could feel were the cymbals of sunlight crashing on my forehead and, instinctively, the dazzling spear flying up from the knife in front of me. The scorching blade slashed at my eyelashes and stabbed at my stinging eyes, (Part 1, Ch.6, P.59). Right after this, he shot and killed the Arab. It seems like the little emotions that Meursault had took over his actions. Before walks up to the Arab and shoots him, Meursault thinks to himself, It occurred to me that all I had to do was turn around and that would be the end of it. But the whole beach, throbbing in the sun, was pressing on my back. I took a few steps toward the spring, (Part 1, Ch.6, P.58).However, towards the end of the novel he did gain some morals and understood much more about life. When he did, he looked into the window, with the sun shining behind it, and gazed at his reflection: I moved closer to the window, and in the last light of day I gazed at my reflection one more time, (Part 2, Ch.2, P.81). As you can see, existential themes, symbols and irony not only foreshadow, but affect Meursaults and Trumans ultimate choices in life.

Political Philosophy and Individualism Essay

Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that emphasizes â€Å"the moral worth of the individual†. Individualists promote the exercise of one’s goals and desires and so value independence and self-reliance and advocate that interests of the individual should achieve precedence over the state or a social group, while opposing external interference upon one’s own interests by society or institutions such as the government. Individualism makes the individual its focus and so starts â€Å"with the fundamental premise that the human individual is of primary importance in the struggle for liberation. † Individualism thus involves â€Å"the right of the individual to freedom and self-realization†. An individualist enters into society to further his or her own interests, or at least demands the right to serve his or her own interests, without taking the interests of society into consideration. The individualist does not lend credence to any philosophy that requires the sacrifice of the self-interest of the individual for any higher social causes. Jean-Jacques Rousseau would argue, however, that his concept of â€Å"general will† in the â€Å"social contract† is not the simple collection of individual wills and precisely furthers the interests of the individual (the constraint of law itself would be beneficial for the individual, as the lack of respect for the law necessarily entails, in Rousseau’s eyes, a form of ignorance and submission to one’s passions instead of the preferred autonomy of reason). Individualists are chiefly concerned with protecting individual autonomy against obligations imposed by social institutions (such as the state or religious morality). (Encyclopedia Britannica) Individualism, political and social philosophy that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual. Individualism once exhibited interesting national variations, but its various meanings have since largely merged. Following the upheaval of the French Revolution, individualisme was used pejoratively in Franceto signify the sources of social dissolution and anarchy and the elevation of individual interests above those of the collective. The term’s negative connotation was employed by French reactionaries, nationalists, conservatives, liberals, and socialists alike, despite their different views of a feasible and desirable social order. In Germany, the ideas of individual uniqueness (Einzigkeit) and self-realization—in sum, the Romantic notion of individuality—contributed to the cult of individual genius and were later transformed into an organic theory of national community. According to this view, state and society are not artificial constructs erected on the basis of a social contract but instead unique and self-sufficient cultural wholes. In England, individualism encompassed religious nonconformity (i. e. , nonconformity with the Church of England) and economic liberalism in its various versions, including both laissez-faire and moderate state-interventionist approaches. In the United States, individualism became part of the core American ideology by the 19th century, incorporating the influences of New England Puritanism, Jeffersonianism, and the philosophy of natural rights. American individualism was universalist and idealist but acquired a harsher edge as it became infused with elements of social Darwinism (i.e. , the survival of the fittest). â€Å"Rugged individualism†Ã¢â‚¬â€extolled by Herbert Hoover during his presidential campaign in 1928—was associated with traditional American values such as personal freedom,capitalism, and limited government. As James Bryce, British ambassador to the United States (1907–13), wrote in The American Commonwealth (1888), â€Å"Individualism, the love of enterprise, and the pride in personal freedom have been deemed by Americans not only their choicest, but [their] peculiar and exclusive possession. † The French aristocratic political philosopher Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–59) described individualism in terms of a kind of moderate selfishness that disposed humans to be concerned only with their own small circle of family and friends. Observing the workings of the American democratic tradition for Democracy in America (1835–40), Tocqueville wrote that by leading â€Å"each citizen to isolate himself from his fellows and to draw apart with his family and friends,† individualism sapped the â€Å"virtues of public life,† for which civic virtue and association were a suitable remedy. For the Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt (1818–97), individualism signified the cult of privacy, which, combined with the growth of self-assertion, had given â€Å"impulse to the highest individual development† that flowered in the European Renaissance. The French sociologist Emile Durkheim (1858–1917) identified two types of individualism: the utilitarian egoism of the English sociologist and philosopher Herbert Spencer (1820–1903), who, according to. Durkheim, reduced society to â€Å"nothing more than a vast apparatus of production and exchange,† and the rationalism of the German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1788), and the French Revolution’s Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789), which has as â€Å"its primary dogma the autonomy of reason and as its primary rite the doctrine of free enquiry. † The Austrian economist F. A. Hayek (1899–1992), who favoured market processes and was distrustful of state intervention, distinguished what he called â€Å"false† from â€Å"true† individualism. False individualism, which was represented mainly by French and other continental European writers, is characterized by â€Å"an exaggerated belief in the powers of individual reason† and the scope of effective social planning and is â€Å"a source of modern socialism†; in contrast, true individualism, whose adherents included John Locke (1632–1704), Bernard de Mandeville (1670–1733), David Hume (1711–76), Adam Ferguson (1723–1816), Adam Smith (1723–90), and Edmund Burke(1729–97), maintained that the â€Å"spontaneous collaboration of free men often creates things which are greater than their individual minds can ever fully comprehend† and accepted that individuals must submit â€Å"to the anonymous and seemingly irrational forces of society. † Other aspects of individualism pertain to a series of different questions about how to conceive the relation between collectivities and individuals. One such question focuses on how facts about the behaviour of groups, about social processes, and about large-scale historical events are to be explained. According to methodological individualism, a view advocated by Austrian-born British philosopher Karl Popper (1902–94), any explanation of such a fact ultimately must appeal to, or be stated in terms of, facts about individuals—about their beliefs, desires, and actions. A closely related view, sometimes called ontological individualism, is the thesis that social or historical groups, processes, and events are nothing more than complexes of individuals and individual actions. Methodological individualism precludes explanations that appeal to social factors that cannot in turn be individualistically explained. Examples are Durkheim’s classic account of differential suicide rates in terms of degrees of social integration and the account of the incidence of protest movements in terms of the structure of political opportunities. Ontological individualism contrasts with various ways of seeing institutions and collectivities as â€Å"real†Ã¢â‚¬â€e. g. , the view of corporations or states as agents and the view of bureaucratic roles and rules or status groups as independent of individuals, both constraining and enabling individuals’ behaviour. Another question that arises in debates over individualism is how objects of worth or value (i. e. , goods) in moral and political life are to be conceived. Some theorists, known as atomists, argue that no such goods are intrinsically common or communal, maintaining instead that there are only individual goods that accrue to individuals. According to this perspective, morality and politics are merely the instruments through which each individual attempts to secure such goods for himself. One example of this view is the conception of political authority as ultimately derived from or justified by a hypothetical â€Å"contract† between individuals, as in the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679). Another is the idea, typical in economics and in other social sciences influenced by economics, that most social institutions and relationships can best be understood by assuming that individual behaviour is motivated primarily by self-interest. Individualism with its endorsement of private enjoyments and control of one’s personal environment and its neglect of public involvement and communal attachment, has long been lamented and criticized from both the right and the left and from both religious and secular perspectives. Especially notable critiques have been made by advocates of communitarianism, who tend to equate individualism with narcissism and selfishness. Likewise, thinkers in the tradition of â€Å"republican† political thought—according to which power is best controlled by being divided—are disturbed by their perception that individualism deprives the state of the support and active involvement of citizens, thereby impairing democratic institutions. Individualism also has been thought to distinguish modern Western societies from premodern and non-Western ones, such as traditional India and China, where, it is said, the community or the nation is valued above the individual and an individual’s role in the political and economic life of his community is largely determined by his membership in a specific class or caste.

Narrative Essay on the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay

In the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave Frederick Douglass recounts his life of slavery and his eventual flight to freedom. When he was a youngster he was placed in a household in which the naive mistress started to teach him to read. Her efforts were halted by her husband and young Douglass recalled his lecture on the reasons slaves should not be educated. However the brief lessons placed within Douglass the desire to continue to learn, by whatever means possible, to read and to write. He had discovered that education and literacy was to be his â€Å"pathway from slavery to freedom. † Douglass illustrates that literacy is the most important asset a man can ac-quire if he is to achieve life-changing goals. Douglass’ new ambition to become literate had both positive and negative effects. His new desire filled him â€Å"high hope and a fixed purpose† and his life was fundamentally changed from that early time in life. His quest for literacy was fueled with confidence that his future life would be radically different and better once he had mastered reading and writing. However it was not without negative effects as well. The more he learned of slavery the more he hated his own condition and the slave-owners that created it. As his masters became aware of his ability he was constantly watched as they tried to prevent him from reaching his goal. For a slave the path to literacy was very difficult. However the path to literacy led Douglass to consequences he could not have im-agined. An entirely new world was opened for him, and with literacy came knowledge of a life that slaves had been denied. With literacy eventually came knowledge of religion and the great Abolition movement. The greatest consequence of literacy was freedom of the mind and freedom of thought, and literacy became for Douglass the tool with which he would become his own â€Å"master†. Literacy was for Douglass and other slaves a power which they had been denied. Ignorance and illiteracy were tools more powerful than the whip and chains, and were used effectively by the slave-owners to keep slaves in submission. The slave owners un-derstood this and feared literate and educated slaves who would now know there is no truth in the slave-owner’s belief that they â€Å"should know nothing but to obey his master. † Slave owners knew the desire for literacy would spread among the slaves and would be the essential method for their eventual freedom. It was a power the slave owners were not willing to give to their slaves. Douglass defines literacy not only by describing the obvious ability to read and write, but shows true literacy as the ability to understand and communicate thoughts, de-sires, and emotions. Douglass shows literacy as being the true bond between free men and the method to unite against slavery and oppression. Literacy unites man while ignorance and illiteracy keeps man isolated from the rest of the world. Although Narrative was written over one hundred and sixty years ago it still serves as a valid reminder of the power of literacy, which remains the most important as-set a man can acquire. With literacy all things are possible, and without it the illiterate become slaves to ignorance.

The Murder of Roseann Quinn

Roseann Quinn was a 28-year-old school teacher who was brutally murdered in her apartment by a man she had met at a neighborhood bar. Her murder prompted the movie hit, Looking for Mr.Goodbar. Early Years Roseann Quinn was born in 1944. Her parents, both Irish-American, moved the family from Bronx, New York, to Mine Hill Township, New Jersey when Quinn was 11. At age 13 she was diagnosed with polio and spent a year hospitalized. Afterwards she was left with a slight limp, but was able to return to her normal life. Quinns parents were both devout Catholics and raised their children as such. In 1962, Quinn graduated from the Morris Catholic High School in Denville, New Jersey. By all appearances she seemed to get along well with her classmates. A notation in her yearbook described her as, Easy to meet...nice to know. In 1966 Quinn graduated from the Newark State Teachers College and she began teaching at St. Josephs School for the Deaf in the Bronx. She was a dedicated teacher who was well liked by her students. The 1970s In the early 1970s the womans movement and the sexual revolution was beginning to take hold. Quinn adopted some of more liberal points of view of the times, and unlike some of her peers, she surrounded herself with a circle of racially diverse friends from various backgrounds and professions. She was an attractive woman, with an easy smile and an opened attitude. In 1972, she moved by herself into New York City, renting a small studio apartment on the West Side. Living alone seemed to nourish her desire for independence and she would often go to bars alone after work. There she would sometimes read a book while sipping wine. Other times she would meet men and invite them back to her apartment for the night. This promiscuous side of her seemed in direct conflict with her serious, more professional day time persona, especially because often times the men she met seemed on the rough side and lacking in education. Neighbors would later say that fairly regularly Quinn could be heard fighting with men in her apartment. On at least one occasion the fighting turned physical and left Quinn hurt and bruised. New Years Day, 1973 On Jan. 1, 1973, Quinn, as she had on many occasions, went across the street from where she lived to a neighborhood bar called W. M. Tweeds. While there she met two men, one a stock broker named Danny Murray and his friend John Wayne Wilson. Murray and Wilson were gay lovers who had lived together for almost a year. Murray left the bar around 11 p.m. and Quinn and Wilson continued to drink and talk late into the night. Around 2 a.m. they left Tweeds and went to Quinns apartment. The Discovery Three days later Quinn was found dead inside the apartment. She had been beaten over the head with a metal bust of herself, raped, stabbed at least 14 times and had a candle inserted into her vagina. Her apartment was ransacked and the walls were splattered with blood. The news of the grisly murder spread through New York City quickly and soon details of Quinns life, often written as her double life became front page news. In the meantime detectives, who had few clues to go on, released a sketch of Danny Murray to the newspapers. After seeing the sketch Murray contacted a lawyer and met with the police. He told them what he knew including that Wilson had returned to their apartment and confessed to the murder. Murray supplied Wilson with money so he could go to his brothers house in Indiana. John Wayne Wilson On January 11, 1973, police arrested Wilson for the murder of Roseann Quinn. Afterwards details of Wilsons sketchy past were revealed. John Wayne Wilson was 23 at the time of his arrest. Originally from Indiana, the divorced father of two girls, relocated to Florida before going to New York City. He had a lengthy arrest record having served jail time in Daytona Beach, Florida for disorderly conduct and again in Kansas City, Missouri on larceny charges. In July 1972, he escaped from a Miami jail and made it to New York where he worked as a street hustler until he met and moved in with Murray. Although Wilson had been arrested numerous times, there was nothing in his past that indicated that he was a violent and dangerous man. Wilson later made a full statement about the case. He told police that he was drunk the night he killed Quinn and that after going to her apartment they smoked some pot. He became enraged and killed her after she made fun of him for not being able to perform sexually. Four months after his arrest Wilson committed suicide by hanging himself in his cell with bed sheets. Criticism of Police and News Media During the Quinn murder investigation, police were often quoted in a way that made it appear the Quinns lifestyle was more to blame for her murder than the murderer himself. A protective voice from the womans movement seemed to curl around Quinn who could not defend herself, speaking up for her right to live the way she wanted, and to keep her as the victim, and not as a temptress whose actions caused her to be stabbed and beaten to death. Although it had little effect at the time, complaints on how the media presented Quinns murder and other women murdered during that time, influenced some change in how respectable news agencies wrote about female murder victims. Looking for Mr. Goodbar Many in New York City remained haunted by the murder of Roseann Quinn and in 1975, author Judith Rossner wrote the best-selling novel, Looking for Mr. Goodbar, which mirrored Quinns life and the way she was murdered. Described as a cautionary story to woman, the book became a best seller. In 1977 it was made into a movie starring Diane Keaton as the victim.